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The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a widely used methodology for state estimation in partial, noisily observed dynamical systems, and for parameter estimation in inverse problems. Despite its widespread use in the geophysical sciences,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-09-21 Claudia Schillings , Andrew M. Stuart

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a data assimilation technique that uses an ensemble of models, updated with data, to track the time evolution of a usually non-linear system. It does so by using an empirical approximation to the…

Applications · Statistics 2021-03-12 Elizabeth Hou , Earl Lawrence , Alfred O. Hero

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has become a standard methodology for state estimation in high-dimensional systems, yet its various stochastic and deterministic formulations often appear conceptually disconnected. In this paper, a unified…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Jin Won Kim

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a popular technique for performing inference in state-space models (SSMs), particularly when the dynamic process is high-dimensional. Unlike reweighting methods such as sequential Monte Carlo (SMC, i.e.…

Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is an important data assimilation method for high dimensional geophysical systems. Efficient implementation of EnKF in practice often involves the localization technique, which updates each component using only…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-04-04 Xin T. Tong

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a Monte Carlo based implementation of the Kalman filter (KF) for extremely high-dimensional, possibly nonlinear and non-Gaussian state estimation problems. Its ability to handle state dimensions in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-12 Michael Roth , Gustaf Hendeby , Carsten Fritsche , Fredrik Gustafsson

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is an efficient algorithm for many data assimilation problems. In certain circumstances, however, divergence of the EnKF might be spotted. In previous studies, the authors proposed an…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2014-08-19 Xiaodong Luo , Ibrahim Hoteit

The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), as a fundamental data assimilation approach, has been widely used in many fields of the sciences and engineering. When the state variable is of high dimensional accompanied with high resolution…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-18 Shouxia Wang , Hao-Xuan Sun , Song Xi Chen

This paper extends the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for inverse problems to identify trending model coefficients. This is done by repeatedly inflating the ensemble while maintaining the mean of the particles. As a benchmark serves a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-30 M. Schwenzer , G. Visconti , M. Ay , T. Bergs , M. Herty , D. Abel

Contemporary data assimilation often involves more than a million prediction variables. Ensemble Kalman filters (EnKF) have been developed by geoscientists. They are successful indispensable tools in science and engineering, because they…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-05-26 Andrew J. Majda , Xin T. Tong

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models. The EnKF originated as a version of the Kalman…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2009-01-26 Jan Mandel

Data assimilation is a method of uncertainty quantification to estimate the hidden true state by updating the prediction owing to model dynamics with observation data. As a prediction model, we consider a class of nonlinear dynamical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Kota Takeda , Takashi Sakajo

Parameter estimation has a high importance in the geosciences. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) allows parameter estimation for large, time-dependent systems. For large systems, the EnKF is applied using small ensembles, which may lead to…

Applications · Statistics 2021-08-05 Johannes Keller , Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen , Wolfgang Nowak

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is widely used for nonlinear and high-dimensional state estimation because it replaces complex covariance propagation with simple ensemble statistics. However, conventional EnKF implementations can become…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Shida Jiang , Shengyu Tao , Zihe Liu , Scott Moura

In this paper, we propose and develop a methodology for nonlinear systems health monitoring by modeling the damage and degradation mechanism dynamics as "slow" states that are augmented with the system "fast" dynamical states. This…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Najmeh Daroogheh , Nader Meskin , Khashayar Khorasani

We study the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm for sequential data assimilation in a general situation, that is, for nonlinear forecast and measurement models with non-additive and non-Gaussian noises. Such applications traditionally…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-17 Weixuan Li , W. Steven Rosenthal , Guang Lin

We propose a Dynamical Low-Rank Ensemble Kalman Filter (DLR-ENKF) for efficient joint state-parameter estimation in high-dimensional dynamical systems. The method extends the DLR-ENKF formulation of arXiv:2509.11210 to the augmented…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-09 Fabio Nobile , Sébastien Riffaud , Thomas Trigo Trindade

We present a practical implementation of the ensemble Kalman (EnKF) filter based on an iterative Sherman-Morrison formula. The new direct method exploits the special structure of the ensemble-estimated error covariance matrices in order to…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2015-02-03 Elias D. Nino-Ruiz , Adrian Sandu , Jeffrey Anderson

The filtering distribution in hidden Markov models evolves according to the law of a mean-field model in state-observation space. The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approximates this mean-field model with an ensemble of interacting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-25 Eviatar Bach , Ricardo Baptista , Edoardo Calvello , Bohan Chen , Andrew Stuart

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) (Evensen, 2009) has proven effective in quantifying uncertainty in a number of challenging dynamic, state estimation, or data assimilation, problems such as weather forecasting and ocean modeling. In these…

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