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This topical review introduces the theoretical and experimental advances in continuous-variable (CV) --- i.e., qumode-based in lieu of qubit-based --- large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computing and quantum simulation. An introduction to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Olivier Pfister

Continuous variable (CV) quantum computation offers an alternative to qubit-based computing by exploiting the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of bosonic modes. Despite recent progress, superconducting platforms have yet to demonstrate a…

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum computing has shown great potential for building neural network models. These neural networks can have different levels of quantum-classical hybridization depending on the complexity of the problem. Previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-08 Shikha Bangar , Leanto Sunny , Kubra Yeter-Aydeniz , George Siopsis

One way quantum computing uses single qubit projective measurements performed on a cluster state (a highly entangled state of multiple qubits) in order to enact quantum gates. The model is promising due to its potential scalability; the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Raphael Pooser , Jietai Jing

Continuous-variable cluster states offer a potentially promising method of implementing a quantum computer. This paper extends and further refines theoretical foundations and protocols for experimental implementation. We give a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Mile Gu , Christian Weedbrook , Nicolas C. Menicucci , Timothy C. Ralph , Peter van Loock

We show that a continuous-variable (CV) qudit can be constructed using quasiorthogonal cat states of a bosonic mode, when the phase encoded in each cat state is chosen appropriately. With the constructed CV qudit and the discrete-variable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Qi-ping Su , Tong Liu , Yu Zhang , Chui-Ping Yang

Continuous-Variable (CV) devices are a promising platform for demonstrating large-scale quantum information protocols. In this framework, we define a general quantum computational model based on a CV hardware. It consists of vacuum input…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-06 Tom Douce , Damian Markham , Elham Kashefi , Peter van Loock , Giulia Ferrini

In this article we develop a continuous variable (CV) shadow tomography scheme with wide ranging applications in quantum optics. Our work is motivated by the increasing experimental and technological relevance of CV systems in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Simon Becker , Nilanjana Datta , Ludovico Lami , Cambyse Rouzé

This thesis deals with the study of quantum communication protocols with Continuous Variable (CV) systems. Continuous Variable systems are those described by canonical conjugated coordinates x and p endowed with infinite dimensional Hilbert…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-29 Carles Rodó

In a new branch of quantum computing, information is encoded into coherent states, the primary carriers of optical communication. To exploit it, quantum bits of these coherent states are needed, but it is notoriously hard to make…

Observables of quantum systems can posses either a discrete or a continuous spectrum. For example, upon measurements of the photon number of a light state, discrete outcomes will result whereas measurements of the light's quadrature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-08-23 Ulrik L. Andersen , Gerd Leuchs , Christine Silberhorn

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum computing is a promising candidate for quantum computation because it can, even with one mode, utilize infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and can efficiently handle continuous values. Although photonic…

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum computing offers a promising framework for scalable quantum machine learning, leveraging optical systems with infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. While discrete-variable (DV) quantum neural networks have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Daniel Alejandro Lopez , Oscar Montiel , Oscar Castillo , Miguel Lopez-Montiel

Continuous-variables (CV) quantum optics is a natural formalism for neural networks (NNs) due to its ability to reproduce the information processing of such trainable interconnected systems. In quantum optics, Gaussian operators induce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Todor Krasimirov-Ivanov , Alba Cervera-Lierta , Paolo Stornati , Federico Centrone

The continuous quadratures of a single mode of the light field present a promising avenue to encode quantum information. By virtue of the infinite dimensionality of the associated Hilbert space, quantum states of these continuous variables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Ian Tillman , Thirupathaiah Vasantam , Kaushik P. Seshadreesan

We propose a quantum repeater for continuous variable (CV) quantum optical states. Our repeater relies on an error correction protocol for loss on CV states based on CV teleportation and entanglement distillation via noiseless linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-15 Josephine Dias , Tim Ralph

In this Near Intermediate-Scale Quantum era, there are two types of near-term quantum devices available on cloud: superconducting quantum processing units (QPUs) based on the discrete variable model and linear optics (photonics) QPUs based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-16 Sophie Choe

Transferring quantum information between different types of quantum hardware is crucial for integrated quantum technology. In particular, converting information between continuous-variable (CV) and discrete-variable (DV) devices enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-25 Alexandru Macridin , Andy C. Y. Li , Panagiotis Spentzouris

Building scalable and secure quantum networks with many users has a high application potential but also holds many practical challenges. A significant stride in this pursuit involves extending quantum key distribution, an…

Continuous-variable (CV) cluster states are a universal quantum computing platform that has experimentally out-scaled qubit platforms by orders of magnitude. Room-temperature implementation of CV cluster states has been achieved with…

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