Related papers: Does Information Have Mass?
It is widely believed that one signal can carry maximum one bit of information, and minimum KTlog2 energy is required to transmit or to erase a bit. Here it is shown four bits of information can be transmitted by one signal in four…
Just as there are frictional losses associated with moving masses on a surface, what if there were frictional losses associated with moving information on a substrate? Indeed, many modes of communication suffer from such frictional losses.…
Based on Planck's blackbody equation it is argued that a single mode light pulse, with a large number of photons, carries one entropy unit. Similarly, an empty radiation mode carries no entropy. In this case, the calculated entropy that a…
Astronomers have been using the measured luminosity to estimate the {\em luminous mass} of stars, based on empirically established mass-to-light ratio which seems to be only applicable to a special class of stars---the main-sequence…
This article presents and grounds (i.e. presents proof of the existence, the truth, the self-consistence and the completeness of) the informational concept ("the Information as Absolute" concept) in philosophy and sciences, which was…
If two parties share an unknown quantum state, one can ask how much quantum communication is needed for party A to send her share to party B. Recently, it was found that the number of qubits which should be sent is given by the conditional…
How many bits of information can a single photon carry? Intuition says "one", but this is incorrect. With an alphabet based on the photon's time of arrival, energy, and polarization, several bits can be encoded. In this introduction to…
To fully understand the present position concerning so-called dark matter, it is necessary to examine the historical background since, only by following this approach, do all the pieces of the puzzle fall into place. Here an attempt is made…
The speed of the transmission of a physical signal from a sender to a receiver is limited by the speed of light, regardless of the physical system being classical or quantum. In this sense, quantum mechanics can not provide any enhancement…
A simple method to enhance the quality of communication is to send a carrier with its copies. Classical information theory says that information behaves quantitatively under copying. In other words, if a carrier is more informatic than…
The development and spread of information and communication technologies have increased and diversified information. However, the increase in the volume and the selection of information does not necessarily promote understanding. In…
When a particle is in high speed or bound in the Coulomb potential of point nucleus, the variation of its mass can be ascribed to the variation of relative ratio of hiding antimatter to matter in the particle. At two limiting cases, the…
We pedagogically present the information theory as originally established, explaining its essential ideas and paying attention to the expression employed to measure the amount of information. Also we discussed relationships between…
How do humans respond to indirect social influence when making decisions? We analysed an experiment where subjects had to repeatedly guess the correct answer to factual questions, while having only aggregated information about the answers…
The cosmological constant combined with Planck's constant and the speed of light implies a quantum of mass of approximately 2 x 10^{-65}g. This follows either from a generic dimensional analysis, or from a specific analysis where the…
We define gravitational mass operator of a hydrogen atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of the General Relativity and show that it does not commute with energy operator. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of…
Quantum information is defined by applying the concepts of ordinary (Shannon) information theory to a quantum sample space consisting of a single framework or consistent family. A classical analogy for a spin-half particle and other…
During the last three decades, photon rest mass problem captured special attention of many investigators who have reported several experimental upper limits on the photon mass by using various methods. More recently, Luo et al. obtained the…
It is supposed that the electron neutrino mass is related to the structures and masses of the $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons. Using a composite model of fermions (described elsewhere), it is shown that the massless neutrino is not consistent with…
Information theory is a statistical theory concerned with the relative state of detectors and physical systems. As a consequence, the classical framework of Shannon needs to be extended to deal with quantum detectors, possibly moving at…