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Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR) has been precisely tested on solar system scales, but extragalactic tests are still poorly performed. In this work, we use a newly compiled sample of galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-02 Jun-Jie Wei , Yun Chen , Shuo Cao , Xue-Feng Wu

We compute the parametrized post-Newtonian parameter $\gamma$ in the case of a static point source for multiscalar-tensor gravity with completely general nonderivative couplings and potential in the Jordan frame. Similarly to the single…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-01-12 Manuel Hohmann , Laur Jarv , Piret Kuusk , Erik Randla , Ott Vilson

Solar-System constraints on a general scalar-tensor theory with generic non-minimal coupling function, non-canonical kinetic function, and scalar potential, are investigated in both the metric and Palatini formalisms. A unified…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-20 Alexandros Karam , Samuel Sánchez López , José Jaime Terente Díaz

We propose a general class of scalar-teleparallel theories, which are based on a scalar field which is coupled to a flat connection with torsion and nonmetricity, and study its post-Newtonian limit using the parametrized post-Newtonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-11 Manuel Hohmann , Ulbossyn Ualikhanova

We investigate the weak-field, post-Newtonian expansion to the solution of the field equations in Chern-Simons gravity with a perfect fluid source. In particular, we study the mapping of this solution to the parameterized post-Newtonian…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Stephon Alexander , Nicolas Yunes

Several model-independent parameterizations of deviations from General Relativity have been developed to test Einstein's theory. Although these different parameterizations were developed for different gravitational observables, they…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-16 Laura Sampson , Nicolas Yunes , Neil Cornish

We derive a theory-independent version of the momentum constraint equation for use in cosmology, as a part of the Parameterised Post-Newtonian Cosmology (PPNC) framework. Our equations are constructed by adapting the corresponding…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-06 Theodore Anton , Timothy Clifton

The Parametrized Post-Newtonian expansion of gravitational theories with a scalar field coupled to the Gauss-Bonnet invariant is performed and confrontation of such theories with Solar system experiments is discussed.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Thomas P. Sotiriou , Enrico Barausse

Recent theoretical works on alternative metric theories of gravity give greater significance to solar-system tests of General Relativity. In particular, it is suggested that the post-Newtonian parameter $\gamma$ ought to be determined with…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-25 Giacomo Giampieri

Scale-dependent gravity is an extension of general relativity in which the Newton and cosmological constants may vary slightly with the energy scale due to remnant low-energy quantum effects. A fundamental feature of this approach is the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-03 Nicolas R. Bertini , Marcos H. Novaes

We calculate the parameters $\gamma$ and $\beta$ in the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism for scalar-tensor gravity (STG) with an arbitrary potential, under the assumption that the source matter is given by a non-rotating sphere…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-11-22 Manuel Hohmann , Andreas Schärer

We consider the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) limit of ghost-free massive bimetric gravity with two mutually non-interacting matter sectors coupled to the two metrics. Making use of a gauge-invariant differential decomposition of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-07-14 Manuel Hohmann

Starting from the global parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) reference system with two PPN parameters $\gamma$ and $\beta$ we consider a space-bounded subsystem of matter and construct a local reference system for that subsystem in which the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-07-19 Sergei A. Klioner , Michael H. Soffel

We study gravitational lensing by compact objects in gravity theories that can be written in a Post-Post-Newtonian (PPN) framework: i.e., the metric is static and spherically symmetric, and can be written as a Taylor series in m/r, where m…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Charles R. Keeton , A. O. Petters

A new, field-theory-based framework for discussing and interpreting tests of gravity, notably at the second post-Newtonian (2PN) level, is introduced. Contrary to previous frameworks which attempted at parametrizing any conceivable…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-09 Thibault Damour , Gilles Esposito-Farese

We explore scalarized Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theories within the context of the Parameterized Post-Newtonian formalism, which serves as a robust framework for examining modifications to General Relativity that exhibit scalarization. This…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-10 Martín G. Richarte , Júnior D. Toniato

The Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism offers an agnostic framework for evaluating theories of gravity that extend beyond General Relativity. Departures from General Relativity are represented by a set of dimensionless parameters…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-02-19 Victor de Mora Losada , Riccardo Della Monica , Ivan de Martino , Mariafelicia De Laurentis

The parametrized post Newtonian formalism for 5-dimensional metric theories with a compact extra dimension is developed. The relation of the 5-dimensional and 4-dimensional formulations is then analyzed, in order to compare the higher…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Peng Xu , Yongge Ma

We present a package for the computer algebra system Mathematica, which implements the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism. This package, named xPPN, is built upon the widely used tensor algebra package suite xAct, and in particular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-18 Manuel Hohmann

We present an extension to the gauge-invariant formulation of the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, which allows its application to symmetric teleparallel gravity theories. In its original formulation, the gauge-invariant PPN…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-12 Manuel Hohmann