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The paper proposes a novel problem in multi-class Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) called Learning from the Majority Label (LML). In LML, the majority class of instances in a bag is assigned as the bag's label. LML aims to classify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Kaito Shiku , Shinnosuke Matsuo , Daiki Suehiro , Ryoma Bise

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is an effective paradigm for whole-slide pathological images (WSIs) classification to handle the gigapixel resolution and slide-level label. Prevailing MIL methods primarily focus on improving the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tiancheng Lin , Zhimiao Yu , Hongyu Hu , Yi Xu , Chang Wen Chen

Recently neural networks and multiple instance learning are both attractive topics in Artificial Intelligence related research fields. Deep neural networks have achieved great success in supervised learning problems, and multiple instance…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-08 Xinggang Wang , Yongluan Yan , Peng Tang , Xiang Bai , Wenyu Liu

Strongly supervised learning requires detailed knowledge of truth labels at instance levels, and in many machine learning applications this is a major drawback. Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a popular weakly supervised learning method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Saul Fuster , Trygve Eftestøl , Kjersti Engan

We present a comprehensive study of the use of generative modeling approaches for Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL) problems. In MIL a learner receives training instances grouped together into bags with labels for the bags only (which might…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-09-27 Tameem Adel , Benn Smith , Ruth Urner , Daniel Stashuk , Daniel J. Lizotte

Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem is currently solved from either bag-classification or instance-classification perspective, both of which ignore important information contained in some instances and result in limited performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Yingfan Ma , Xiaoyuan Luo , Mingzhi Yuan , Xinrong Chen , Manning Wang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has attracted great attention recently in machine learning community. However, most MIL algorithms are very slow and cannot be applied to large datasets. In this paper, we propose a greedy strategy to speed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-05-04 Gang Chen , Jason Corso

Multi-Class Incremental Learning (MCIL) aims to learn new concepts by incrementally updating a model trained on previous concepts. However, there is an inherent trade-off to effectively learning new concepts without catastrophic forgetting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yaoyao Liu , Yuting Su , An-An Liu , Bernt Schiele , Qianru Sun

In the supervised learning setting termed Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL), the examples are bags of instances, and the bag label is a function of the labels of its instances. Typically, this function is the Boolean OR. The learner observes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Sivan Sabato , Naftali Tishby

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in medical imaging classification to reduce the labeling effort. While only bag labels are available for training, one typically seeks predictions at both bag and instance levels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is often used in medical imaging to classify high-resolution 2D images by processing patches or classify 3D volumes by processing slices. However, conventional MIL approaches treat instances separately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ethan Harvey , Dennis Johan Loevlie , Michael C. Hughes

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a supervised learning methodology that aims to allow models to learn instance class labels from bag class labels, where a bag is defined to contain multiple instances. MIL is gaining traction for learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Samuel W. Remedios , Zihao Wu , Camilo Bermudez , Cailey I. Kerley , Snehashis Roy , Mayur B. Patel , John A. Butman , Bennett A. Landman , Dzung L. Pham

We introduce an extension of the multi-instance learning problem where examples are organized as nested bags of instances (e.g., a document could be represented as a bag of sentences, which in turn are bags of words). This framework can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Alessandro Tibo , Manfred Jaeger , Paolo Frasconi

Classification and localization are two pillars of visual object detectors. However, in CNN-based detectors, these two modules are usually optimized under a fixed set of candidate (or anchor) bounding boxes. This configuration significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Wei Ke , Tianliang Zhang , Zeyi Huang , Qixiang Ye , Jianzhuang Liu , Dong Huang

In many pattern recognition problems, a single feature vector is not sufficient to describe an object. In multiple instance learning (MIL), objects are represented by sets (\emph{bags}) of feature vectors (\emph{instances}). This requires…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Veronika Cheplygina , David M. J. Tax

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the preferred approach for whole slide image classification. However, most MIL approaches do not exploit the interdependencies of tiles extracted from a whole slide image, which could provide valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Marvin Lerousseau , Maria Vakalopoulou , Eric Deutsch , Nikos Paragios

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) tasks impose a strict logical constraint: a bag is labeled positive if and only if at least one instance within it is positive. While this iff constraint aligns with many real-world applications, recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Ehsan Ahmed Dhrubo , Mohammad Mahmudul Alam , Edward Raff , Tim Oates , James Holt

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

A new random forest based model for solving the Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) problem under small tabular data, called Soft Tree Ensemble MIL (STE-MIL), is proposed. A new type of soft decision trees is considered, which is similar to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

In this paper, we propose the MIML (Multi-Instance Multi-Label learning) framework where an example is described by multiple instances and associated with multiple class labels. Compared to traditional learning frameworks, the MIML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-10-28 Zhi-Hua Zhou , Min-Ling Zhang , Sheng-Jun Huang , Yu-Feng Li