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Zeckendorf's Theorem states that any positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of distinct, non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. There are many generalizations, including results on existence of decompositions using only even…

An equivalent definition of the Fibonacci numbers is that they are the unique sequence such that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent terms. We can view this as we have bins of length 1, we can take at most one…

We prove connections between Zeckendorf decompositions and Benford's law. Recall that if we define the Fibonacci numbers by $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2$ and $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$, every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of…

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of distinct non-adjacent Fibonacci terms. In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic formula of the number of binary expansions $<x$ that have no adjacent terms,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-25 Sungkon Chang

As a variant of Zeckendorf's theorem, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into a sum of even-indexed Fibonacci numbers, whose coefficients are either $0, 1$, or $2$ so that between two coefficients…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Hung Viet Chu , Aney Manish Kanji , Zachary Louis Vasseur

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{ F_i \}_{i = 1}^{\infty}$. A set $S \subset \mathbb{Z}$ is said to satisfy Benford's law if the density…

Hofstadter's $G$ function is recursively defined via $G(0)=0$ and then $G(n)=n-G(G(n-1))$. Following Hofstadter, a family $(F_k)$ of similar functions is obtained by varying the number $k$ of nested recursive calls in this equation. We…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Pierre Letouzey

Zeckendorf's theorem states that any positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers; this result has been generalized to many recurrence relations, especially those arising from linear recurrences with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-04 Minerva Catral , Pari L. Ford , Pamela E. Harris , Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed into nonadjacent Fibonacci numbers. On the other hand, Chung and Graham proved that every positive integer can be uniquely written as a sum of even-indexed…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-30 Lucas Bustos , Hung Viet Chu , Minchae Kim , Uihyeon Lee , Shreya Shankar , Garrett Tresch

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Jack Murphy , Chenyang Sun

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as the sum of non-consecutive shifted Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, where we take $F_1=1$ and $F_2=2$. This has been generalized for any Positive Linear…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-05 Thomas C. Martinez , Steven J. Miller , Clayton Mizgerd , Chenyang Sun

We study $B(n;k)$, the number of ways of writing $n$ as a sum or difference of the first $k$ Fibonacci numbers. We show that $B(0;k)$ satisfies the Tribonacci-like recurrence $B(0;k+1)=B(0;k)+B(0;k-1)+B(0;k-2)$ and that $B(n;k)$ satisfies a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Katie Anders , Madeline L. Dawsey , Joseph Vandehey

A positive linear recurrence sequence is of the form $H_{n+1} = c_1 H_n + \cdots + c_L H_{n+1-L}$ with each $c_i \ge 0$ and $c_1 c_L > 0$, with appropriately chosen initial conditions. There is a notion of a legal decomposition (roughly,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-19 Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson , Zhao Pan , Huanzhong Xu

Zeckendorf's Theorem says that for all $k \geq 3$, every nonnegative integer has a unique $k$-Zeckendorf representation as a sum of distinct $k$-bonacci numbers, where no $k$ consecutive $k$-bonacci numbers are present in the…

Zeckendorf proved that every positive integer has a unique partition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers. We study the difference between the number of summands in the partition of two consecutive integers. In particular, let…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-10-30 Hung Viet Chu

For an integer $ k\geq 2 $, let $ \{F^{(k)}_{n} \}_{n\geq 0}$ be the $ k$--generalized Fibonacci sequence which starts with $ 0, \ldots, 0, 1 $ ($ k $ terms) and each term afterwards is the sum of the $ k $ preceding terms. In this paper,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-25 Mahadi Ddamulira , Carlos A. Gómez , Florian Luca

Let $ k \geq 2 $ be an integer. The $ k- $generalized Fibonacci sequence is a sequence defined by the recurrence relation $ F_{n}^{(k)}=F_{n-1}^{(k)} + \cdots + F_{n-k}^{(k)}$ for all $ n \geq 2$ with the initial values $ F_{i}^{(k)}=0 $…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Alaa Altassan , Murat Alan

Let $F_n(k)$ be the generalized Fibonacci number defined by (with $F_i(k)$ abbreviated to $F_i$): $F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2} + \dots + F_{n-k}$, for $n \geq k$, and the initial values $(F_0,F_1,...,F_{k-1})$. Let $B_n(k,j)$ be $F_n(k)$ with…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-01 Martin Bunder , Joseph Tonien

By Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer is uniquely written as a sum of non-adjacent terms of the Fibonacci sequence, and its converse states that if a sequence in the positive integers has this property, it must be the Fibonacci…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-06 Sungkon Chang

Philip Matchett Wood and Doron Zeilberger have constructed identities for the Fibonacci numbers $f_n$ of the form $1f_n = f_n$ for all $n \geq 1$; $2f_n = f_{n-2} + f_{n+1}$ for all $n \geq 3$; $3f_n = f_{n-2} + f_{n+2}$ for all $n \geq 3$;…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Darij Grinberg