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The treatment assignment mechanism in a randomized clinical trial can be optimized for statistical efficiency within a specified class of randomization mechanisms. Optimal designs of this type have been characterized in terms of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Wei Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , Aiyi Liu

Aims: Combinations of treatments can offer additional benefit over the treatments individually. However, trials of these combinations are lower priority than the development of novel therapies, which can restrict funding, timelines and…

Time-to-event endpoints are central to evaluate treatment efficacy across many disease areas. Many trial protocols include interim analyses within group-sequential designs that control type I error via spending functions or boundary…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-19 Edoardo Ratti , Federico L. Perlino , Stefania Galimberti , Maria G. Valsecchi

Phase I clinical trials are designed to test the safety (non-toxicity) of drugs and find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). This task becomes significantly more challenging when multiple-drug dose-combinations (DC) are involved, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Hyun-Suk Lee , Cong Shen , William Zame , Jang-Won Lee , Mihaela van der Schaar

Many phase II clinical trials have used survival outcomes as the primary endpoints in recent decades. Suppose the radiotherapy is evaluated in a phase II trial using survival outcomes. In that case, the competing risk issue often arises…

Applications · Statistics 2022-03-15 Jina Park , Wenjing Hu , Ick Hoon Jin , Hao Liu , Yong Zang

We develop a Bayesian highest-density interval (HDI) for use in within-subject designs. This credible interval is based on a standard noninformative prior and a modified posterior distribution that conditions on both the data and point…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-14 Farouk S. Nathoo , Robyn E. Kilshaw , Michael E. J. Masson

Immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment. Unlike chemotherapies, immune agents often take longer time to show benefit, and the complex and unique mechanism of action of these agents renders the use of multiple endpoints more…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-02 Ruitao Lin , Robert L Coleman , Ying Yuan

We address the common problem of calculating intervals in the presence of systematic uncertainties. We aim to investigate several approaches, but here describe just a Bayesian technique for setting upper limits. The particular example we…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 Joel Heinrich , Craig Blocker , John Conway , Luc Demortier , Louis Lyons , Giovanni Punzi , Pekka K. Sinervo

Clinical trials are an instrument for making informed decisions based on evidence from well-designed experiments. Here we consider adaptive designs mainly from the perspective of multi-arm Phase II clinical trials, in which one or more…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-31 Elja Arjas , Dario Gasbarra

This paper explores an approach to Bayesian sample size determination in clinical trials. The approach falls into the category of what is often called "proper Bayesian", in that it does not mix frequentist concepts with Bayesian ones. A…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-04-23 Robb J. Muirhead , Adina I. Soaita

We study the problem of learning individualized dose intervals using observational data. There are very few previous works for policy learning with continuous treatment, and all of them focused on recommending an optimal dose rather than an…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-25 Guanhua Chen , Xiaomao Li , Menggang Yu

Medical research has evolved conventions for choosing sample size in randomized clinical trials that rest on the theory of hypothesis testing. Bayesians have argued that trials should be designed to maximize subjective expected utility in…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-11 Charles F. Manski , Aleksey Tetenov

Purpose: The early identification of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in phase I trial leads to faster progression to a phase II trial or an expansion cohort to confirm efficacy. Methods: We propose a novel adaptive design for identifying MTD…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-07 Masahiro Kojima

We propose a new integrated phase I/II trial design to identify the most efficacious dose combination that also satisfies certain safety requirements for drug-combination trials. We first take a Bayesian copula-type model for dose finding…

Applications · Statistics 2011-08-09 Ying Yuan , Guosheng Yin

Phase I oncology trials aim to identify a safe dose - often the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) - for subsequent studies. Conventional designs focus on population-level toxicity modeling, with recent attention on leveraging pharmacokinetic…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-13 Kyong Ju Lee , Yuan Ji

Project Optimus, an initiative by the FDA's Oncology Center of Excellence, seeks to reform the dose-optimization and dose-selection paradigm in oncology. We propose a dose-optimization design that considers plateau efficacy profiles,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-04-22 Rebecca B. Silva , Bin Cheng , Shing M. Lee

Traditionally, the major objective in phase I trials is to identify a working-dose for subsequent studies, whereas the major endpoint in phase II and III trials is treatment efficacy. The dose sought is typically referred to as the maximum…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-08-14 Mourad Tighiouart , André Rogatko

Adaptive designs have been proposed for clinical trials in which the nuisance parameters or alternative of interest are unknown or likely to be misspecified before the trial. Whereas most previous works on adaptive designs and mid-course…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-05-18 Jay Bartroff , Tze Leung Lai

Performing optimal Bayesian design for discriminating between competing models is computationally intensive as it involves estimating posterior model probabilities for thousands of simulated datasets. This issue is compounded further when…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-07 Markus Hainy , David J. Price , Olivier Restif , Christopher Drovandi

In experimental design, we are given $n$ vectors in $d$ dimensions, and our goal is to select $k\ll n$ of them to perform expensive measurements, e.g., to obtain labels/responses, for a linear regression task. Many statistical criteria have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Michał Dereziński , Feynman Liang , Michael W. Mahoney