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In the Dirac approach to the generalized Hamiltonian formalism, dynamical systems with first- and second-class constraints are investigated. The classification and separation of constraints into the first- and second-class ones are…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 N. P. Chitaia , S. A. Gogilidze , Yu. S. Surovtsev

The systematization of the purely Lagrangean approach to constrained systems in the form of an algorithm involves the iterative construction of a generalized Hessian matrix W taking a rectangular form. This Hessian will exhibit as many left…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Heinz J. Rothe , Klaus D. Rothe

We apply the Dirac procedure for constrained systems to the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism linearized around the Friedmann-Lemaitre universe. We explain and employ some basic concepts such as Dirac observables, Dirac brackets, gauge-fixing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-10-30 Przemysław Małkiewicz

The constrained Hamiltonian systems admitting no gauge conditions are considered. The methods to deal with such systems are discussed and developed. As a concrete application, the relationship between the Dirac and reduced phase space…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-22 Mikhail S. Plyushchay , Alexander V. Razumov

Central issues of the Dirac constraint formalism are discussed in relation to the algorithmic methods of commutative algebra based on the Groebner basis techniques. For a wide class of finite dimensional polynomial degenerate Lagrangian…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Gerdt , A. Khvedelidze , Yu. Palii

In the framework of polysymplectic Hamiltonian formalism, degenerate Lagrangian field systems are described as multi-Hamiltonian systems with Lagrangian constraints. The physically relevant case of degenerate quadratic Lagrangians is…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Sardanashvily

We review the Dirac formalism for dealing with constraints in a canonical Hamiltonian formulation and discuss gauge freedom and display constraints for gauge theories in a general context. We introduce the Dirac bracket and show that it…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-07-21 Jon Allen , Richard A. Matzner

Although the standard generally-covariant Dirac equation is unique in a topologically simple spacetime, it has been shown that it leads to non-uniqueness problems for the Hamiltonian and energy operators, including the non-uniqueness of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-09-04 Mayeul Arminjon

In her recent work, Dittrich generalized Rovelli's idea of partial observables to construct Dirac observables for constrained systems to the general case of an arbitrary first class constraint algebra with structure functions rather than…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Thomas Thiemann

The Hamiltonian treatment of constrained systems in $G\ddot{u}ler's$ formalism leads us to the total differential equations in many variables. These equations are integrable if the corresponding system of partial differential equations is a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Dumitru Baleanu , Yurdahan Guler

We apply the Dirac factorization method to the nonrelativistic harmonic oscillator and, more in general, to Hamiltonians with a generic potential. It is shown that this procedure naturally leads to a supersymmetric formulation of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-03-16 D. Babusci , G. Dattoli

In this paper we consider finite-dimensional constrained Hamiltonian systems of polynomial type. In order to compute the complete set of constraints and separate them into the first and second classes we apply the modern algorithmic methods…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-20 Vladimir P. Gerdt , Soso A. Gogilidze

The Dirac-Bergmann algorithm for the Hamiltonian analysis of constrained systems is a nice and powerful tool, widely used for quantization and non-perturbative counting of degrees of freedom. However, certain aspects of its application to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-09 Kirill Russkov

The Lagrangian formulation of classical field theories and in particular general relativity leads to a coordinate-free, fully covariant analysis of these constrained systems. This paper applies multisymplectic techniques to obtain the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-01 G. Esposito , C. Stornaiolo , G. Gionti

We derive the Hamilton equations of motion for a constrained system in the form given by Dirac, by a limiting procedure, starting from the Lagrangean for an unconstrained system. We thereby ellucidate the role played by the primary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-08-17 Heinz J. Rothe

In the framework of the generalized Hamiltonian formalism by Dirac, the local symmetries of dynamical systems with first- and second-class constraints are investigated. For theories with an algebra of constraints of special form (to which a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 N. P. Chitaia , S. A. Gogilidze , Yu. S. Surovtsev

The formulation of a relativistic dynamical problem as a system of Hamilton equations by respecting the principles of Relativity is a delicate task, because in their classical form the Hamilton equations require the use of a time…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-06-13 Frédéric Hélein

Inspired by problems arising in the geometrical treatment of Yang-Mills theories and Palatini's gravity, the covariant formulation of Hamiltonian dynamical systems as a Hamiltonian field theory of dimension $1+0$ on a manifold with boundary…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-11-12 A. Ibort , A. Spivak

The statistical mechanics of quantum-classical systems with holonomic constraints is formulated rigorously by unifying the classical Dirac bracket and the quantum-classical bracket in matrix form. The resulting Dirac quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Alessandro Sergi

We analyze constrained quantum systems where the dynamics do not preserve the constraints. This is done in particular for the restriction of a quantum particle in Euclidean n-space to a curved submanifold, and we propose a method of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Hendrik Grundling , C. A. Hurst