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The assumption of free will - the ability of an experimentalist to make random choices - is central to proving the indeterminism of quantum resources, the primary tool in quantum cryptography. Relaxing the assumption in a Bell test allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-30 James E. Pope , Alastair Kay

We show that correlations inconsistent with any locally causal description can be a generic feature of measurements on entangled quantum states. Specifically, spatially-separated parties who perform local measurements on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Yeong-Cherng Liang , Nicholas Harrigan , Stephen D. Bartlett , Terry Rudolph

Scientific inquiry seeks causal explanations of observed phenomena. The Bell experiment provides a paradigmatic case, revealing correlations between spatially separated systems that no local model can reproduce. Such correlations, known as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Mark Broom , Talel Naccache , Emmanuel M. Pothos , Christoph Gallus , Pawel Blasiak

The outcomes of local measurements made on entangled systems can be certified to be random provided that the generated statistics violate a Bell inequality. This way of producing randomness relies only on a minimal set of assumptions…

We present a violation of the CHSH inequality without the fair sampling assumption with a continuously pumped photon pair source combined with two high efficiency superconducting detectors. Due to the continuous nature of the source, the…

The standard Bell inequality experiments test for violation of local realism by repeatedly making local measurements on individual copies of an entangled quantum state. Here we investigate the possibility of increasing the violation of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Yeong-Cherng Liang , Andrew C. Doherty

An experimental test of Bell's inequality allows ruling out any local-realistic description of nature by measuring correlations between distant systems. While such tests are conceptually simple, there are strict requirements concerning the…

Bell inequalities reveal the fundamentally nonlocal character of quantum mechanics. In this regard, one of the interesting problems is to explore all possible Bell inequalities that demonstrate a gap between local and nonlocal quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Palash Pandya , Shubhayan Sarkar , Remigiusz Augusiak

We show that Bell correlations may arise as a special sort of selection artefact, produced by ordinary control of the initial state of the experiments concerned. This accounts for nonlocality, without recourse to any direct spacelike…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-14 Huw Price , Ken Wharton

Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 The BIG Bell Test Collaboration , C. Abellán , A. Acín , A. Alarcón , O. Alibart , C. K. Andersen , F. Andreoli , A. Beckert , F. A. Beduini , A. Bendersky , M. Bentivegna , P. Bierhorst , D. Burchardt , A. Cabello , J. Cariñe , S. Carrasco , G. Carvacho , D. Cavalcanti , R. Chaves , J. Cortés-Vega , A. Cuevas , A. Delgado , H. de Riedmatten , C. Eichler , P. Farrera , J. Fuenzalida , M. García-Matos , R. Garthoff , S. Gasparinetti , T. Gerrits , F. Ghafari Jouneghani , S. Glancy , E. S. Gómez , P. González , J. -Y. Guan , J. Handsteiner , J. Heinsoo , G. Heinze , A. Hirschmann , O. Jiménez , F. Kaiser , E. Knill , L. T. Knoll , S. Krinner , P. Kurpiers , M. A. Larotonda , J. -Å. Larsson , A. Lenhard , H. Li , M. -H. Li , G. Lima , B. Liu , Y. Liu , I. H. López Grande , T. Lunghi , X. Ma , O. S. Magaña-Loaiza , P. Magnard , A. Magnoni , M. Martí-Prieto , D. Martínez , P. Mataloni , A. Mattar , M. Mazzera , R. P. Mirin , M. W. Mitchell , S. Nam , M. Oppliger , J. -W. Pan , R. B. Patel , G. J. Pryde , D. Rauch , K. Redeker , D. Rieländer , M. Ringbauer , T. Roberson , W. Rosenfeld , Y. Salathé , L. Santodonato , G. Sauder , T. Scheidl , C. T. Schmiegelow , F. Sciarrino , A. Seri , L. K. Shalm , S. -C. Shi , S. Slussarenko , M. J. Stevens , S. Tanzilli , F. Toledo , J. Tura , R. Ursin , P. Vergyris , V. B. Verma , T. Walter , A. Wallraff , Z. Wang , H. Weinfurter , M. M. Weston , A. G. White , C. Wu , G. B. Xavier , L. You , X. Yuan , A. Zeilinger , Q. Zhang , W. Zhang , J. Zhong

Proofs of Bell's theorem and the data analysis used to show its violation have commonly assumed a spatially stationary underlying process. However, it has been shown recently that the appropriate Bell's inequality holds identically for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Louis Sica

Recently, a group of experiments tested local realism with random choices prepared by humans. These various tests were subject to additional assumptions, which lead to loopholes in the interpretations of almost all of the experiments. Among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-08 Stanisław Sołtan , Dawid Dopierała , Adam Bednorz

The empirical proof of Bell inequality violations was a landmark moment for research into quantum foundations. It commits us to a universe without strict relativistic locality or requires that we escape through a potential loophole like…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Geoff Beck

Proposals for Bell inequality tests on systems restricted by superselection rules often require operations that are difficult to implement in practice. In this paper, we derive a new Bell inequality, where pairs of states are used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 Libby Heaney , Seung-Woo Lee , Dieter Jaksch

Correlations for the Bell gedankenexperiment are constructed using probabilities given by quantum mechanics, and nonlocal information. They satisfy Bell's inequality and exhibit spatial non stationarity in angle. Correlations for three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Louis Sica

In a quantum network, distant observers sharing physical resources emitted by independent sources can establish strong correlations, which defy any classical explanation in terms of local variables. We discuss the characterization of…

Self testing is a device-independent technique based on non-local correlations whose aim is to certify the effective uniqueness of the quantum state and measurements needed to produce these correlations. It is known that the maximal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-12 Ivan Šupić , Remigiusz Augusiak , Alexia Salavrakos , Antonio Acín

Bell's inequalities are defined by sums of correlations involving non-commuting observables in each of the two systems. Violations of Bell's inequalities are only possible because the precision of any joint measurement of these observables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Kengo Matsuyama , Holger F. Hofmann , Masataka Iinuma

Bell inequalities were meant to test quantum mechanics vs local hidden variable models, but can also be used to verify entanglement. For entanglement verification purposes one assumes the validity of quantum mechanics as well as quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Pavel Lougovski , S. J. van Enk