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The Contextuality-by-Default theory is illustrated on contextuality analysis of the idealized double-slit experiment. The experiment is described by a system of contextually labeled binary random variables each of which answers the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-24 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Contextuality is a central property in comparative analysis of classical, quantum, and supercorrelated systems. We examine and compare two well-motivated approaches to contextuality. One approach ("contextuality-by-default") is based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-21 J. Acacio de Barros , Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala , Gary Oas

Models of a phenomenon are often developed by examining it under different experimental conditions, or measurement contexts. The resultant probabilistic models assume that the underlying random variables, which define a measurable set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-05 Peter D. Bruza

We discuss the classical statistics of isolated subsystems. Only a small part of the information contained in the classical probability distribution for the subsystem and its environment is available for the description of the isolated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

Stochastic processes have found numerous applications in science, as they are broadly used to model a variety of natural phenomena. Due to their intrinsic randomness and uncertainty, they are, however, difficult to characterize. Here, we…

In many cases, feature selection is often more complicated than identifying a single subset of input variables that would together explain the output. There may be interactions that depend on contextual information, i.e., variables that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-05-13 Antonio Sutera , Gilles Louppe , Vân Anh Huynh-Thu , Louis Wehenkel , Pierre Geurts

Similar formalisms have been independently developed in psychology, to deal with the issue of selective influences (deciding which of several experimental manipulations selectively influences each of several, generally non-independent,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-14 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

We prove a general existence result in stochastic optimal control in discrete time where controls take values in conditional metric spaces, and depend on the current state and the information of past decisions through the evolution of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-19 Asgar Jamneshan , Michael Kupper , José Miguel Zapata

Causal phenomena associated with rare events occur across a wide range of engineering problems, such as risk-sensitive safety analysis, accident analysis and prevention, and extreme value theory. However, current methods for causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-19 Chih-Yuan Chiu , Kshitij Kulkarni , Shankar Sastry

A primary goal in recent research on contextuality has been to extend this concept to cases of inconsistent connectedness, where observables have different distributions in different contexts. This article proposes a solution within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-07 Matt Jones

In his constructive and well-informed commentary, Andrei Khrennikov acknowledges a privileged status of classical probability theory with respect to statistical analysis. He also sees advantages offered by the Contextuality-by-Default…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-14 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Maria Kon

We introduce a general statistical learning theory for processes that take as input a classical random variable and output a quantum state. Our setting is motivated by the practical situation in which one desires to learn a quantum process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Marco Fanizza , Yihui Quek , Matteo Rosati

This paper has two purposes. One is to demonstrate contextuality analysis of systems of epistemic random variables. The other is to evaluate the performance of a new, hierarchical version of the measure of (non)contextuality introduced in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-04 Víctor H. Cervantes , Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

A one-dimensional quantum oscillator is monitored by taking repeated position measurements. As a first con- tribution, it is shown that, under a quantum nondemolition measurement scheme applied to a system initially at the ground state, (i)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-13 Vincenzo Matta , Vincenzo Pierro

We consider situations where data have been collected such that the sampling depends on the outcome of interest and possibly further covariates, as for instance in case-control studies. Graphical models represent assumptions about the…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-01-06 Vanessa Didelez , Svend Kreiner , Niels Keiding

This paper deals with three traditional ways of defining contextuality: (C1) in terms of (non)existence of certain joint distributions involving measurements made in several mutually exclusive contexts; (C2) in terms of relationship between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Ehtibar Dzhafarov

Generalized contextuality is a possible indicator of non-classical behaviour in quantum information theory. In finite-dimensional systems, this is justified by the fact that noncontextual theories can be embedded into some simplex, i.e.…

The partial monitoring (PM) framework provides a theoretical formulation of sequential learning problems with incomplete feedback. On each round, a learning agent plays an action while the environment simultaneously chooses an outcome. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Maxime Heuillet , Ola Ahmad , Audrey Durand

In this paper, we obtain general representations for the joint distributions and copulas of arbitrary dependent random variables absolutely continuous with respect to the product of given one-dimensional marginal distributions. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-16 Victor H. de la Peña , Rustam Ibragimov , Shaturgun Sharakhmetov

We study the role of context, complex of physical conditions, in quantum as well as classical experiments. It is shown that by taking into account contextual dependence of experimental probabilities we can derive the quantum rule for the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-07 Andrei Khrennikov