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According to classical physics particles are basic building blocks of the world. Classical particles are distinguishable objects, individuated by physical characteristics. By contrast, in quantum mechanics the standard view is that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-26 Dennis Dieks , Andrea Lubberdink

Quantum entanglement of identical particles is essential in quantum information theory. Yet, its correct determination remains an open issue hindering the general understanding and exploitation of many-particle systems. Operator-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-08 Rosario Lo Franco , Giuseppe Compagno

Two particles are identical if all their intrinsic properties, such as spin and charge, are the same, meaning that no quantum experiment can distinguish them. In addition to the well known principles of quantum mechanics, understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-11 Alessio Benavoli , Alessandro Facchini , Marco Zaffalon

Using tools from quantum information theory, we present a general theory of indistinguishability of identical bosons in experiments consisting of passive linear optics followed by particle number detection. Our results do neither rely on…

We consider entanglement in a system of fixed number of identical particles. Since any operation should be symmetrized over all the identical particles and there is the precondition that the spatial wave functions overlap, the meaning of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Yu Shi

In this article, we discuss the identity and indistinguishability of quantum systems and the consequent need to introduce an extra postulate in Quantum Mechanics to correctly describe situations involving indistinguishable particles. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Y. Omar

Quantum coherence plays a fundamental and operational role in different areas of physics. A resource theory has been developed to characterize the coherence of distinguishable particles systems. Here we show that indistinguishability of…

If, in a system of identical particles, the one particle state is defined by the partial trace to one of the component spaces of the total Hilbert space, then all one particle states are identical. The particles are indistinguishable. This…

General Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Andrea Lubberdink

Typical elements of quantum networks are made by identical systems, which are the basic particles constituting a resource for quantum information processing. Whether the indistinguishability due to particle identity is an exploitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-18 Rosario Lo Franco , Giuseppe Compagno

It is shown that quantum systems of identical particles can be treated as if they were different when they are in well differentiated states. This simplifying assumption allows the consideration of quantum systems isolated from the rest of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-12 Alberto C. de la Torre , Hector O. Martin

Does information play a significant role in the foundations of physics? Information is the abstraction that allows us to refer to the states of systems when we choose to ignore the systems themselves. This is only possible in very…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-05 Lluis Masanes , Markus P. Mueller , Remigiusz Augusiak , David Perez-Garcia

According to our understanding of the everyday physical world, observable phenomena are underpinned by persistent objects that can be reidentified (or tracked) across time by observation of their distinctive properties. This understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Philip Goyal

Few, if any, applications of quantum technology are as widely known as the quantum simulation of quantum matter. Consequently, many interesting questions have been sparked at the intersection of condensed matter, quantum chemistry, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 James Daniel Whitfield

The symmetrization postulates of quantum mechanics (symmetry for bosons, antisymmetry for fermions) are usually taken to entail that \emph{quantum particles} of the same kind (e.g., electrons) are all in exactly the same state and therefore…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-23 Dennis Dieks , Andrea Lubberdink

Quantum coherence, a basic feature of quantum mechanics residing in superpositions of quantum states, is a resource for quantum information processing. Coherence emerges in a fundamentally different way for nonidentical and identical…

We introduce detector-level entanglement, a unified entanglement concept for identical particles that takes into account the possible deletion of many-particle which-way information through the detection process. The concept implies a…

Elementary particles in quantum mechanics (QM) are indistinguishable when sharing the same intrinsic properties and the same quantum state. So, we can consider quantum particles as non-individuals, although non-individuality is usually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Adonai S. Sant'Anna

Identical particles and entanglement are both fundamental components of quantum mechanics. However, when identical particles are condensed in a single spatial mode, the standard notions of entanglement, based on clearly identifiable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-23 N. Killoran , M. Cramer , M. B. Plenio

Quantum self-interference enables the counterfactual transmission of information, whereby the transmitted bits involve no particles traveling through the channel. In this work, we show how counterfactuality can be realized even when the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Vinod N. Rao , Anindita Banerjee , R. Srikanth

We point out an earlier unnoticed implication of quantum indistinguishability, namely, a property which we call `dualism' that characterizes the entanglement of two identical particles (say, two ions of the same species) -- a feature which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-05 S. Bose , D. Home
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