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The review of star-product formalism providing the possibility to describe quantum states and quantum observables by means of the functions called symbols of operators which are obtained by means of bijective maps of the operators acting in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-20 S. N. Belolipetskiy , V. N. Chernega , O. V. Man'ko , V. I. Man'ko

Why do we need quantization to describe vision? What are the quadrature operators of the electromagnetic field? Is it possible to measure them? What are the characteristic functions useful for? In this brief tutorial we provide the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-08 Stefano Olivares

Quantum states of systems made of many identical particles, e.g. those described by Fermi-Hubbard and Bose-Hubbard models, are conveniently depicted in the Fock space. However, in order to evaluate some specific observables or to study the…

A new representation -which is similar to the Bargmann representation- of the creation and annihilation operators is introduced, in which the operators act like "multiplication with" and like "derivation with respect to" a single real…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-12 Enore Guadagnini

We present a direct basis formalism for using nonorthogonal basis sets in the second quantization framework. As an alternative to the dual basis formalism, a direct basis retains the Hermiticity relation between the creation and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2015-11-30 Zixuan Hu , Mark A. Ratner , Tamar Seideman

The introduction of operator states and of observables in various fields of quantum physics has raised questions about the mathematical structures of the corresponding spaces. In the framework of third quantization it had been conjectured…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-03-02 T. Prosen , L. Martignon , T. H. Seligman

An input-output model of a two-level quantum system in the Heisenberg picture is of bilinear form with constant system matrices, which allows the introduction of the concepts of controllability and observability in analogy with those of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Guofeng Zhang , Ian R. Petersen

The basic ideas of second quantization and Fock space are extended to density operator states, used in treatments of open many-body systems. This can be done for fermions and bosons. While the former only requires the use of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Thomas H. Seligman , Tomaz Prosen

Quantum systems with real energies generated by an apparently non-Hermitian Hamiltonian may re-acquire the consistent probabilistic interpretation via an ad hoc metric which specifies the set of observables in the updated Hilbert space of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-05-14 Miloslav Znojil

We study the problem of particle indistinguishability for the three cases known in nature: identical classical particles, identical bosons and identical fermions. By exploiting the fact that different types of particles are associated with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Falk Töppel , Andrea Aiello

Open quantum systems that interact with a Markovian environment can be described by a Lindblad master equation. The generator of time-translation is given by a Liouvillian superoperator $\mathcal{L}$ acting on the density matrix of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-06 Steven Kim , Fabian Hassler

The ability of implementing quantum operations plays fundamental role in manipulating quantum systems. Creation and annihilation operators which transform a quantum state to another by adding or subtracting a particle are crucial of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-01 Xiangyu Kong , Shijie Wei , Jingwei Wen , Guilu Long

We study the Heisenberg quantization for the systems of identical particles in noncommtative spaces. We get fermions and bosons as a special cases of our argument, in the same way as commutative case and therefore we conclude that the Pauli…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-26 S. A. Alavi

The Hermiticity condition in quantum mechanics required for the characterisation of (a) physical observables and (b) generators of unitary motions can be relaxed into a wider class of operators whose eigenvalues are real and whose…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Dorje C. Brody

In the problem of entanglement there exist two different notions. One is the entanglement of a quantum state, characterizing the state structure. The other is entanglement production by quantum operators, describing the action of operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-22 V. I. Yukalov , E. P. Yukalova , V. A. Yurovsky

We relate the notion of entanglement for quantum systems composed of two identical constituents to the impossibility of attributing a complete set of properties to both particles. This implies definite constraints on the mathematical form…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 GianCarlo Ghirardi , Luca Marinatto

Consider the question: what statistical ensemble corresponds to minimal prior knowledge about a quantum system ? For the case where the system is in fact known to be in a pure state there is an obvious answer, corresponding to the unique…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Michael J. W. Hall

We present the Quantum Paldus Transform: an efficient quantum algorithm for block-diagonalising fermionic, spin-free Hamiltonians in the second quantisation. Our algorithm implements an isometry between the occupation number basis of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Jędrzej Burkat , Nathan Fitzpatrick

We study the third quantization of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology with $N$-minimal massless fields. The third quantized Hamiltonian for the WDW equation in the minisuperspace consists of infinite number of intrinsic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-12-24 Sang Pyo Kim

Both algebras, Clifford and Grassmann, offer "basis vectors" for describing the internal degrees of freedom of fermions. The oddness of the "basis vectors", transferred to the creation operators, which are tensor products of the finite…

General Physics · Physics 2020-12-16 N. S. Mankoc Borstnik , H. B. F. Nielsen