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In a field overflowing with beautiful images of the Sun, solar energetic particle (SEP) events are a hidden asset, perhaps a secret weapon, that can sample the solar corona and carry away unique imprints of its most bizarre and violent…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-08 Donald V. Reames

Context. The Sun is an active star that produces large-scale energetic events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections and numerous smaller-scale events such as solar jets. These events are often associated with accelerated particles…

Suprathermal ions in the corona are thought to serve as seed particles for large gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events associated with fast and wide coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A better understanding of the role of suprathermal…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-02 Bin Zhuang , Noé Lugaz , David Lario

Enhancements in 3He abundance, a characteristic feature of impulsive solar energetic particle (ISEP) events, are also frequently observed in gradual SEP (GSEP) events. Understanding the origin of this enrichment is crucial for identifying…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-21 R. Bucik , S. T. Hart , M. A. Dayeh , M. I. Desai , G. M. Mason , M. E. Wiedenbeck

The type III observations trace the propagation of energetic electron populations through the Solar Corona which, more often than not, precede or are associated with energy release on the Sun. A sample of Type III bursts in the range 20-650…

We present an overview of the observed properties of the GLEs and those of the associated flares and CMEs. The solar eruptions are very intense involving X-class flares and extreme CME speeds (average ~2000 km/s). The active regions in…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 N. Gopalswamy , H. Xie , S. Yashiro , S. Akiyama , P. Mäkelä , I. G. Usoskin

According to the solar protons' data observed by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) and neutron monitors on the ground of the Earth, and near-relativistic electrons data measured by the ACE spacecraft, the onset times…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-25 Ming-Xian Zhao , Gui-Ming Le , Yu-Tian Chi

We revisit the full variety of observed temporal and spatial distributions of energetic solar protons in "gradual" solar energetic-particle (SEP) events resulting from the spatial variations in the shock waves that accelerate them.…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-16 Donald V. Reames

We explore the link between solar energetic particles (SEPs) observed at 1 AU and large-scale disturbances propagating in the solar corona, named after the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) as EIT waves, which trace the lateral…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 R. Miteva , K. -L. Klein , I. Kienreich , M. Temmer , A. Veronig , O. E. Malandraki

Small 3He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events with their anomalous abundances, markedly different from solar system, provide evidence for a unique acceleration mechanism that operates routinely near solar active regions. Although the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-12-16 R. Bucik , D. E. Innes , L. Guo , G. M. Mason , M. E. Wiedenbeck

We study the solar energetic particle (SEP) event associated with the 2012 July 23 extreme solar storm, for which STEREO and the spacecraft at L1 provide multi-point remote sensing and in situ observations. The extreme solar storm, with a…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 Bei Zhu , Ying D. Liu , Janet G. Luhmann , Huidong Hu , Rui Wang , Zhongwei Yang

Radiobursts exibiting fine structure observed over two years during the rising phase of Cycle 24 by the SBRS are analyzed. In five events zebra structure, various fiber bursts and fast pulsations were observed. Events on 15 and 24 February…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 Gennady Chernov , Valery Fomichev , Baolin Tan , Yihua Yan , Chengming Tan , Qijun Fu

On 2017 September 10 Neutron Monitors (NMs) apparatus located at ground level and high latitudes detected an increase in the counting rate associated to solar energetic particles (SEPs) emission from X8.2-class solar flare and its…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-19 C. R. A. Augusto , C. E. Navia , M. N. de Oliveira , A. A. Nepomuceno , A. C. Fauth , V. Kopenkin , T. Sinzi

In solar energetic particle (SEP) events, the physical processes of both shock acceleration and scattering during transport can cause energy-spectral indices to be correlated with enhancement or suppression of element abundances versus…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-29 Donald V. Reames

The most intense solar energetic particle events are produced by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) accompanied by intense type II radio bursts below 15 MHz. Understanding where these type II bursts are generated relative to an erupting CME…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-08 Alexander M. Hegedus , Ward B. Manchester , Justin C. Kasper

The scenario of twin coronal mass ejections (CMEs), i.e., a fast and wide primary CME (priCME) preceded by previous CMEs (preCMEs), has been found to be favorable to a more efficient particle acceleration in large solar energetic particle…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-03 Bin Zhuang , Noé Lugaz , Tingyu Gou , Liuguan Ding

The study of the solar energetic particle events (SEPs) and their association with solar flares and other activities are very crucial to understand the space weather. Keeping this in view, in this paper, we present the study of the SEPs…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-17 Raj Kumar , Ramesh Chandra , Bimal Pande , Seema Pande

Large solar proton events (SPEs) affect the solar-terrestrial space environment and become a very important aspect in space weather research. In this work, we statistically investigate 78 solar proton events of 1996-2011 and find that there…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-02-12 Hongqing He , Weixing Wan

We report on the close similarity of coronal mass ejection (CME) properties in ground level enhancement (GLE) in solar energetic particle (SEP) events and sustained gamma ray emission (SGRE) from the Sun as indicated by low frequency type…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-24 Nat Gopalswamy , Anshu Kumari , Pertti A. Mäkelä

The nature of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares is poorly constrained, and critically the general prevalence of such signals in solar flares is unknown. Therefore, we perform a large-scale search for evidence of signals consistent…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-12-28 A. R. Inglis , J. Ireland , B. R. Dennis , L. A. Hayes , P. T. Gallagher
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