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We study generalized sums of linear orders. These are binary operations that, given linear orders $A$ and $B$, return an order $A \oplus B$ that can be decomposed as an isomorphic copy of $A$ interleaved with a copy of $B$. We show that…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Álvaro Díaz Ramos , Garrett Ervin , Saharon Shelah

In this short note, we first associate a new simple undirected graph with a given word over an ordered alphabet of $n$-letters. We will call it the Lyndon graph of that word. Then, we introduce the concept of the Lyndon-word representable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-05-30 Hossein Teimoori Faal

An ordered $r$-matching is an $r$-uniform hypergraph matching equipped with an ordering on its vertices. These objects can be viewed as natural generalisations of $r$-dimensional orders. The theory of ordered 2-matchings is well-developed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-19 Michael Anastos , Zhihan Jin , Matthew Kwan , Benny Sudakov

The emergence of a variety of graph-based meaning representations (MRs) has sparked an important conversation about how to adequately represent semantic structure. These MRs exhibit structural differences that reflect different theoretical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Lucia Donatelli , Jonas Groschwitz , Alexander Koller , Matthias Lindemann , Pia Weißenhorn

Using Reiner's definition of Stirling numbers of the second kind in types $B$ and $D$, we generalize two well-known identities concerning the classical Stirling numbers of the second kind. The first identity relates them with Eulerian…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-27 Eli Bagno , Riccardo Biagioli , David Garber

We propose a scalable framework for deciding, proving, and explaining (in-)equivalence of context-free grammars. We present an implementation of the framework and evaluate it on large data sets collected within educational support systems.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Marko Schmellenkamp , Thomas Zeume , Sven Argo , Sandra Kiefer , Cedric Siems , Fynn Stebel

We study the space requirements of a sorting algorithm where only items that at the end will be adjacent are kept together. This is equivalent to the following combinatorial problem: Consider a string of fixed length n that starts as a…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Svante Janson

In this work we describe preferential Description Logics of typicality, a nonmonotonic extension of standard Description Logics by means of a typicality operator T allowing to extend a knowledge base with inclusions of the form T(C) v D,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Laura Giordano , Valentina Gliozzi , Antonio Lieto , Nicola Olivetti , Gian Luca Pozzato

This paper examines the classical matching distribution arising in the "problem of coincidences". We generalise the classical matching distribution with a preliminary round of allocation where items are correctly matched with some fixed…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2021-12-24 Ben O'Neill

We provide a new result on the existence of extremal solutions for second-order Dirichlet problems with deviation argument. As a novelty in this work, the nonlinearity need not be continuous or monotone. In order to obtain this new result,…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2013-01-21 Rubén Figueroa

We show the classical $q$-Stirling numbers of the second kind can be expressed compactly as a pair of statistics on a subset of restricted growth words. The resulting expressions are polynomials in $q$ and $1+q$. We extend this enumerative…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-30 Yue Cai , Margaret A. Readdy

In this article, we define general normal forms for any logic that has propositional part and whose non-propositional connectives distribute over the finite disjunctions. We do not require the non-propositional connectives to be closed on…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-07-02 Mohamed Khaled

Context-free grammars are not able to model cross-serial dependencies in natural languages. To overcome this issue, Seki et al. introduced a generalization called $m$-multiple context-free grammars ($m$-MCFGs), which deal with $m$-tuples of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Florian Lehner , Christian Lindorfer

In 2011, Fici and Lipt\'ak introduced prefix normal words. A binary word is prefix normal if it has no factor (substring) that contains more occurrences of the letter 1 than the prefix of the same length. Among the open problems regarding…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Duncan Adamson , Moritz Dudey , Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch

Whether language models (LMs) have inductive biases that favor typologically frequent grammatical properties over rare, implausible ones has been investigated, typically using artificial languages (ALs) (White and Cotterell, 2021;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Nadine El-Naggar , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Ted Briscoe

Exponentiating the hypergeometric series gives a recursion relation for integer sequences which are generalizations of conventional Bell numbers. The corresponding associated Stirling numbers of the second kind are also generated and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 J. -M. Sixdeniers , K. A. Penson , A. I. Solomon

We derive explicit formulas for the normal ordering of powers of arbitrary monomials of boson operators. These formulas lead to generalisations of conventional Bell and Stirling numbers and to appropriate generalisations of the Dobinski…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Karol A. Penson , Allan I. Solomon

We consider the problem of enumerating a regular language $L$ in radix order, or more precisely, the equivalent problem of enumerating all words in $L$ of a given length in lexicographic order. Ackerman and Shallit gave in 2009 the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Nadime Francis , Victor Marsault

The world's languages exhibit certain so-called typological or implicational universals; for example, Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) languages typically use postpositions. Explaining the source of such biases is a key goal of linguistics. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Ryo Ueda , Ryo Yoshida , Yohei Oseki , Ted Briscoe , Timothy Baldwin

In this paper, we study some properties of Whitney numbers of Dowling lattices and related polynomials. We answer the following question: there is relation between Stirling and Eulerian polynomials. Can we find a new relation between…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-12-06 Mourad Rahmani