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Continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols, based on Gaussian modulation of the quadratures of coherent states, have been implemented in recent experiments. A present limitation of such systems is the finite efficiency of the…

We propose an improved two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV QKD) protocol by adding proper random noise on the receiver's homodyne detection, the security of which is analysed against general collective attacks. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-07 Maozhu Sun , Xiang Peng , Hong Guo

We propose a method to improve the performance of two entanglement-based continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols using noiseless linear amplifiers. The two entanglement-based schemes consist of an entanglement distribution…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key generation between legitimate parties. To further enhance system performance, an improved two-way CV-QKD protocol has been proposed, which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

Transmission losses through optical fibers are one of the main obstacles preventing both long-distance quantum communications and continuous-variable quantum key distribution. Optical amplification provides a tool to obtain, at least…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-27 Michele N. Notarnicola , Filip Cieciuch , Marcin Jarzyna

To improve the performance of a quantum key distribution (QKD) system, high speed, low dark count single photon detectors (or low noise homodyne detectors) are required. However, in practice, a fast detector is usually noisy. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Bing Qi , Yi Zhao , Xiongfeng Ma , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Li Qian

Amplification plays a key role in classical communication protocols, where it compensates the unavoidable loss of the signal. However, when we enter the quantum domain this approach starts being problematic as the standard kinds of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-30 Petr Marek , Radim Filip

The practical homodyne detector model of continuous-variable quantum key distribution models the inherent imperfections of the practical homodyne detector, namely the limited detection efficiency and the electronic noise, into trusted loss.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-03 Yundi Huang , Yi-Chen Zhang , Luyu Huang , Song Yu

As quantum key distribution becomes a mature technology, it appears clearly that some assumptions made in the security proofs cannot be justified in practical implementations. This might open the door to possible side-channel attacks. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Paul Jouguet , Sébastien Kunz-Jacques , Eleni Diamanti , Anthony Leverrier

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution provides a theoretical unconditionally secure solution to distribute symmetric keys among users in a communication network. However, the practical devices used to implement these systems are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Daniel Pereira , Vana Pezelj , Florian Prawits , Hannes Hübbel

This paper proposes a multi-mode Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) scheme able to operate at high bandwidth despite using conventional noisy, coherent detectors. We demonstrate enhancement in shotnoise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Rupesh Kumar , Xinke Tang , Adrian Wonfor , Richard Penty , Ian White

We propose a method to improve the performance of two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol by virtual photon subtraction. The Virtual photon subtraction implemented via non-Gaussian post-selection not only enhances the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-24 Yijia Zhao , Yi-Chen Zhang , Zhengyu Li , Song Yu , Hong Guo

We show that the maximum transmission distance of continuous-variable quantum key distribution in presence of a Gaussian noisy lossy channel can be arbitrarily increased using a linear noiseless amplifier. We explicitly consider a protocol…

We investigate the main limitations which prevent the continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols from achieving long distances in the finite-size setting. We propose a double-modulation protocol which allows using each state for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-22 László Ruppert , Vladyslav C. Usenko , Radim Filip

We introduce noise-adaptive quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, in which the honest parties optimize the encoding (state preparation) and decoding (measurement basis) operations according to the noise models affecting the honest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Abinash Kar , Ayan Patra , Aditi Sen De , Tamoghna Das

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has emerged as a promising solution to protect current cryptographic systems against the threat of quantum computers. As QKD transitions from laboratories to real-world applications, its implementation under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Hashir Kuniyil , Saif Al-Kuwari , Asad Ali , Artur Czerwinski , Syed M. Arslan

The security proofs of continuous-variable quantum key distribution are based on the assumptions that the eavesdropper can neither act on the local oscillator nor control Bob's beam splitter. These assumptions may be invalid in practice due…

One of the limitation of continuous variable quantum key distribution is relatively short transmission distance of secure keys. In order to overcome the limitation, some solutions have been proposed such as reverse reconciliation, trusted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-23 Kyongchun Lim , Changho Suh , June-Koo Kevin Rhee

The optical phase shifter that constantly rotates the local oscillator phase is a necessity in continuous-variable quantum key distribution systems with heterodyne detection. In previous experimental implementations, the optical phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-29 Tao Shen , Yundi Huang , Xiangyu Wang , Huiping Tian , Ziyang Chen , Song Yu
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