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A type-2 computable real function is necessarily continuous; and this remains true for relative, i.e. oracle-based computations. Conversely, by the Weierstrass Approximation Theorem, every continuous f:[0,1]->R is computable relative to…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-03-19 Arno Pauly , Martin Ziegler

Probabilistic programs are typically normal-looking programs describing posterior probability distributions. They intrinsically code up randomized algorithms and have long been at the heart of modern machine learning and approximate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Lutz Klinkenberg , Tobias Winkler , Mingshuai Chen , Joost-Pieter Katoen

The purpose of the present paper is to give unified expressions to the characteristic functions of all elliptical and related distributions. Those distributions including the multivariate elliptical symmetric distributions and some…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-11-14 Chuancun Yin , Hua Dong

Using some extensions of a theorem of Heppes on finitely supported discrete probability measures, we address the problems of classification and testing based on projections. In particular, when the support of the distributions is known in…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-03-10 Ricardo Fraiman , Leonardo Moreno , Thomas Ransford

Consider a universal Turing machine that produces a partial or total function (or a binary stream), based on the answers to the binary queries that it makes during the computation. We study the probability that the machine will produce a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-04-28 George Barmpalias , Douglas Cenzer , Christopher P. Porter

First passage distributions of semi-Markov processes are of interest in fields such as reliability, survival analysis, and many others. The problem of finding or computing first passage distributions is, in general, quite challenging. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-10 Richard L. Warr

Characterising the capacity region for a network can be extremely difficult, especially when the sources are dependent. Most existing computable outer bounds are relaxations of the Linear Programming bound. One main challenge to extend…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-15 Satyajit Thakor , Terence Chan , Alex Grant

Distribution function is essential in statistical inference, and connected with samples to form a directed closed loop by the correspondence theorem in measure theory and the Glivenko-Cantelli and Donsker properties. This connection creates…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-02 Xueqin Wang , Jin Zhu , Wenliang Pan , Junhao Zhu , Heping Zhang

The law of large numbers is one of the most fundamental results in Probability Theory. In the case of independent sequences, there are some known characterizations; for instance, in the independent and identically distributed setting it is…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-08-04 Luísa Borsato , Eduardo Horta , Rafael Rigão Souza

In this paper we describe a theory of a cumulative distribution function on a space with an order from a probability measure defined in this space. This distribution function plays a similar role to that played in the classical case.…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-04-12 J. F. Gálvez-Rodríguez , M. A. Sánchez-Granero

Elicitable functionals and (strictly) consistent scoring functions are of interest due to their utility of determining (uniquely) optimal forecasts, and thus the ability to effectively backtest predictions. However, in practice, assuming…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-18 Kathleen E. Miao , Silvana M. Pesenti

We extend the notion of randomness (in the version introduced by Schnorr) to computable Probability Spaces and compare it to a dynamical notion of randomness: typicality. Roughly, a point is typical for some dynamic, if it follows the…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-02-12 Peter Gacs , Mathieu Hoyrup , Cristobal Rojas

The probability density function of a probability distribution is a fundamental concept in probability theory and a key ingredient in various widely used machine learning methods. However, the necessary framework for compiling probabilistic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Sooraj Bhat , Johannes Borgström , Andrew D. Gordon , Claudio Russo

Statistical system models provide the basis for the examination of various sorts of distributions. Classification distributions are a very common and versatile form of statistics in e.g. real economic, social, and IT systems. The…

Computation · Statistics 2019-12-20 Uwe Petersohn , Thomas Dedek , Sandra Zimmer , Hans Biskupski

We introduce a notion of computable randomness for infinite sequences that generalises the classical version in two important ways. First, our definition of computable randomness is associated with imprecise probability models, in the sense…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-23 Floris Persiau , Jasper De Bock , Gert de Cooman

We study the probability that a random polynomial with integer coefficients is reducible when factored over the rational numbers. Using computer-generated data, we investigate a number of different models, including both monic and non-monic…

This paper provides a new and more direct proof of the assertion that a Turing computable function of the natural numbers is primitive recursive if and only if the time complexity of the corresponding Turing machine is bounded by a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Daniel G. Schwartz

A predictive distribution over a sequence of $N+1$ events is said to be "frequency mimicking" whenever the probability for the final event conditioned on the outcome of the first $N$ events equals the relative frequency of successes among…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-06 Frank Lad , Giuseppe Sanfilippo

It is known to be difficult to find out whether a certain multivariable function to be a characteristic function when its corresponding measure is not tirivial to be or not to be a probability measure on R^d. Such results were not obtained…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-04-18 Takahiro Aoyama , Takashi Nakamura

A major open problem in computational complexity is the existence of a one-way function, namely a function from strings to strings which is computationally easy to compute but hard to invert. Levin (2023) formulated the notion of one-way…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-07-21 George Barmpalias , Xiaoyan Zhang