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A checkers-like model game with a simplified set of rules is studied through extensive simulations of agents with different expertise and strategies. The introduction of complementary strategies, in a quite general way, provides a tool to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-26 J. Quetzalcóatl Toledo-Marín , Rogelio Díaz-Méndez , Marcelo del Castillo Mussot

The game of memory is played with a deck of n pairs of cards. The cards in each pair are identical. The deck is shuffled and the cards laid face down. A move consists of flipping over first one card then another. The cards are removed from…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-08-27 Daniel J. Velleman , Gregory S. Warrington

We analyze Solo Chess puzzles, where the input is an $n \times n$ board containing some standard Chess pieces of the same color, and the goal is to make a sequence of capture moves to reduce down to a single piece. Prior work analyzes this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Josh Brunner , Lily Chung , Michael Coulombe , Erik D. Demaine , Timothy Gomez , Jayson Lynch

Nim is a well-known combinatorial game in which two players alternately remove stones from distinct piles. A player who removes the last stone wins under the normal play rule, while a player loses under the mis\`ere play rule. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Hiromi Oginuma , Masato Shinoda

We analyze the computational complexity of optimally playing the two-player board game Push Fight, generalized to an arbitrary board and number of pieces. We prove that the game is PSPACE-hard to decide who will win from a given position,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Mikhail Rudoy

We prove that the single-player game clobber is solvable in linear time when played on a line or on a cycle. For this purpose, we show that this game is equivalent to an optimization problem on a set of words defined by seven classes of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Vincent D. Blondel , Julien M. Hendrickx , Raphael M. Jungers

This paper investigates repeated win-lose coordination games (WLC-games). We analyse which protocols are optimal for these games, covering both the worst case and average case scenarios, i,e., optimizing the guaranteed and expected…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Antti Kuusisto , Raine Rönnholm

In the {\em Musical Chairs} game $MC(n,m)$ a team of $n$ players plays against an adversarial {\em scheduler}. The scheduler wins if the game proceeds indefinitely, while termination after a finite number of rounds is declared a win of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-08-06 Yehuda Afek , Yakov Babichenko , Uriel Feige , Eli Gafni , Nati Linial , Benny Sudakov

Circular Nim is a two-player impartial combinatorial game consisting of $n$ stacks of tokens placed in a circle. A move consists of choosing $k$ consecutive stacks and taking at least one token from one or more of the stacks. The last…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-11 Matthieu Dufour , Silvia Heubach

We study a combinatorial game derived from a problem in the German National Mathematics Competition. In this game, two players take turns removing numbers from a finite set of natural numbers, aiming to satisfy a certain divisibility…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-04 Tim Rammenstein

We study a popular puzzle game known variously as Clickomania and Same Game. Basically, a rectangular grid of blocks is initially colored with some number of colors, and the player repeatedly removes a chosen connected monochromatic group…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Therese C. Biedl , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Rudolf Fleischer , Lars Jacobsen , J. Ian Munro

Combinatorial games are two-player games of pure strategy where the players, usually called Left and Right, move alternately. In this paper, we introduce Cheating Robot games. These arise from simultaneous-play combinatorial games where one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-11 Melissa A. Huggan , Richard J. Nowakowski

A recent paper by Bhatia, Chin, Mani, and Mossel (2026) defined stochastic processes aimed at modeling the game of War for {\em two players} with $n$ cards. That paper showed that these models, assuming uniform random decks, are equivalent…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Axel Adjei , Neil Krishnan , Elchanan Mossel

Given $n$ piles of tokens and a positive integer $k \leq n$, we study the following two impartial combinatorial games Nim$^1_{n, \leq k}$ and Nim$^1_{n, =k}$. In the first (resp. second) game, a player, by one move, chooses at least $1$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-25 Vladimir Gurvich , Nhan Bao Ho

We consider the following two-player game, parametrised by positive integers $n$ and $k$. The game is played between Painter and Builder, alternately taking turns, with Painter moving first. The game starts with the empty graph on $n$…

Combinatorial games lead to several interesting, clean problems in algorithms and complexity theory, many of which remain open. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the area to encourage further research. In particular, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-09-25 Erik D. Demaine , Robert A. Hearn

We consider the problem of determining the minimum number of moves needed to solve a certain one-dimensional peg puzzle. Let N be a positive integer. The puzzle apparatus consists of a block with a single row of 2N+1 equally spaced holes…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 David M. Bradley , Hugh Thomas

In this note, we investigate combinatorial games where both players move randomly (each turn, independently selecting a legal move uniformly at random). In this model, we provide closed-form expressions for the expected number of turns in a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-01-31 Pat Devlin , Paulina Trifonova

We consider the complexity of problems related to the combinatorial game Free-Flood-It, in which players aim to make a coloured graph monochromatic with the minimum possible number of flooding operations. Although computing the minimum…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Kitty Meeks , Alexander Scott

This paper presents a study of restricted Nim with a pass. In the restricted Nim considered in this study, two players take turns and remove stones from the piles. In each turn, when the number of stones is m, each player is allowed to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Ryohei Miyadera , Hikaru Manabe