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The classical Jarzynski equality establishes an exact relation between the stochastic work performed on a system driven out of thermal equilibrium and the free energy difference in a corresponding quasi-static process. This fluctuation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Konstantin Beyer , Walter T. Strunz

This article traces the development of fluctuation theory and its deep connection to irreversibility, from equilibrium to near-equilibrium, and finally to far-from-equilibrium systems. Classical fluctuation theorems, which capture the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Sounak Bandyopadhyay , Arnab Ghosh

In the derivation of fluctuation relations, and in stochastic thermodynamics in general, it is tacitly assumed that we can measure the system perfectly, i.e., without measurement errors. We here demonstrate for a driven system immersed in a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-11-30 C. W. Wächtler , P. Strasberg , T. Brandes

Based on trajectory dependent path probability formalism in state space, we derive generalized entropy production fluctuation relations for a quantum system in the presence of measurement and feedback. We have obtained these results for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-04 Shubhashis Rana , Sourabh Lahiri , A. M. Jayannavar

We derive the fluctuation theorem for quantum-state statistics that can be obtained when we initially measure the total energy of a quantum system at thermal equilibrium, let the system evolve unitarily, and record the quantum-state data…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-01 Naoto Tsuji , Masahito Ueda

The nonequilibrium fluctuation relation is a cornerstone of quantum thermodynamics. It is widely believed that the system-bath heat exchange obeys the famous Jarzynski-W\'{o}jcik fluctuation theorem. However, this theorem is established in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-01 Wei Wu , Jun-Hong An

We study the thermodynamics of quantum projective measurements by using the set up for the Jarzynski equality. We prove the fluctuations of energy change induced by measurements satisfy the Jarzynski equality, revealing that the quantum…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-08-31 Juyeon Yi , Yong Woon Kim

We employ the quantum jump trajectory approach to construct a systematic framework to study the thermodynamics at the trajectory level in a nonequilibrium open quantum system under discrete feedback control. Within this framework, we derive…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-07-12 Zongping Gong , Yuto Ashida , Masahito Ueda

We derive a general quantum exchange fluctuation theorem for multipartite systems with arbitrary coupling strengths by taking into account the informational contribution of the back-action of the quantum measurements, which contributes to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-18 Akira Sone , Diogo O. Soares-Pinto , Sebastian Deffner

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations quantify how the signal-to-noise ratio of a given observable is constrained by dissipation. Fluctuation relations generalize the second law of thermodynamics to stochastic processes. We show that any…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-11-26 Patrick P. Potts , Peter Samuelsson

Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems. Their general validity arbitrarily far from equilibrium makes them invaluable in nonequilibrium physics. So far, experimental studies of…

Generalized measurements of an observable performed on a quantum system during a force protocol are investigated and conditions that guarantee the validity of the Jarzynski equality and the Crooks relation are formulated. In agreement with…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-03-14 Gentaro Watanabe , B. Prasanna Venkatesh , Peter Talkner , Michele Campisi , Peter Hänggi

Fluctuation relations allow for the computation of equilibrium properties, like free energy, from an ensemble of non-equilibrium dynamics simulations. Computing them for quantum systems, however, can be difficult, as performing dynamic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Lindsay Bassman , Katherine Klymko , Diyi Liu , Norman M. Tubman , Wibe A. de Jong

We establish the fluctuation theorem in the presence of information exchange between a nonequilibrium system and other degrees of freedom such as an observer and a feedback controller, where the amount of information exchange is added to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-05 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

In this paper we aim at characterizing the effect of stochastic fluctuations on the distribution of the energy exchanged by a quantum system with an external environment under sequences of quantum measurements performed at random times.…

We present a fluctuation theorem for quantum bipartite systems in which the subsystems exchange information with each other. Our information fluctuation theorem includes correlations by introducing a quantum mechanical mutual information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-24 Jung Jun Park , Sang Wook Kim , Vlatko Vedral

We investigate manipulations of pure quantum states under incoherent or strictly incoherent operations assisted by a coherence battery, that is, a storage device whose degree of coherence is allowed to fluctuate in the process. This leads…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Benjamin Morris , Gerardo Adesso

Feedback uses past detection outcomes to dynamically modify a quantum system and is central to quantum control. These outcomes can be stored in a memory, defined as a stochastic function of past measurements. In this work, we investigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-10 Alberto J. B. Rosal , Patrick P. Potts , Gabriel T. Landi

A quantum fluctuation theorem for a driven quantum subsystem interacting with its environment is derived based solely on the assumption that its reduced density matrix obeys a closed evolution equation i.e. a quantum master equation (QME).…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-03-01 Massimiliano Esposito , Shaul Mukamel

Jarzynski equality and related fluctuation theorems can be formulated for various setups. Such an equality was recently derived for nonunitary quantum evolutions described by unital quantum operations, i.e., for completely positive,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-24 Alexey E. Rastegin , Karol Życzkowski