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We study the model of interacting agents proposed by Chatterjee et al that allows agents to both save and exchange wealth. Closed equations for the wealth distribution are developed using a mean field approximation. We show that when all…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 Przemyslaw Repetowicz , Stefan Hutzler , Peter Richmond

General equilibrium equations in economics play the same role with many-body Newtonian equations in physics. Accordingly, each solution of the general equilibrium equations can be regarded as a possible microstate of the economic system.…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-06-18 Yong Tao

This paper investigates the emergence of wealth inequality through a minimalist kinetic exchange model that incorporates two fundamental economic features: fixed-amount transactions and hard budget constraints. In contrast to the maximum…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-12 Jihyuan Liuh

The theory of thermal macroeconomics (TM) analyses economic phenomena within the mathematical framework of classical thermodynamics, using a set of axioms that apply to the purely macroscopic aspects of an economy [CM]. The theory shows…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-12 Yihang Luo , Robert S. MacKay , Nick Chater

We investigate the uniform reshuffling model for money exchanges: two agents picked uniformly at random redistribute their dollars between them. This stochastic dynamics is of mean-field type and eventually leads to a exponential…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-04-06 Fei Cao , Pierre-Emmanuel Jabin , Sebastien Motsch

We model financial transactions as random walks on activity-driven temporal networks. By enforcing fund conservation, our framework analytically derives heavy-tailed distributions for the stationary balances and transaction sizes.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-25 Carolina E. Mattsson , Claudio Cellerini , Jaume Ojer , Michele Starnini

In both finance and economics, quantitative models are usually studied as isolated mathematical objects --- most often defined by very strong simplifying assumptions concerning rationality, efficiency and the existence of disequilibrium…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2010-10-04 Harbir Lamba

Using the analogy with inelastic granular gasses we introduce a model for wealth exchange in society. The dynamics is governed by a kinetic equation, which allows for self-similar solutions. The scaling function has a power-law tail, the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-12-02 Frantisek Slanina

This paper studies the trading volumes and wealth distribution of a novel agent-based model of an artificial financial market. In this model, heterogeneous agents, behaving according to the Von Neumann and Morgenstern utility theory, may…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-09-09 Pietro DeLellis , Franco Garofalo , Francesco Lo Iudice , Elena Napoletano

We study a minimalist kinetic model for economies. A system of agents with local trading rules display emergent demand behaviour. We examine the resulting wealth distribution to look for non-thermal behaviour. We compare and contrast this…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2008-12-02 Wan Ahmad Tajuddin Wan Abdullah , Sidiq Mohamad Khidzir

Quantum theory is used to model secondary financial markets. Contrary to stochastic descriptions, the formalism emphasizes the importance of trading in determining the value of a security. All possible realizations of investors holding…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-07 Martin Schaden

In [1] we presented a model for transactions when goods are given away in the expectation of a later settlement. In settings where people keep track of their social accounts we were able to redefine concepts like account balance, yield…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2014-11-10 W. P. Weijland

We look at how asset exchange models can be mapped to random iterated function systems (IFS) giving new insights into the dynamics of wealth accumulation in such models. In particular, we focus on the "yard-sale" (winner gets a random…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 Sitabhra Sinha

Economy is demanding new models, able to understand and predict the evolution of markets. To this respect, Econophysics is offering models of markets as complex systems, such as the gas-like model, able to predict money distributions…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2010-08-05 Carmen Pellicer-Lostao , Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz

A deterministic system of coupled maps is proposed as a model for economic activity among interacting agents. The values of the maps represent the wealth of the agents. The dynamics of the system is controlled by two parameters. One…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2008-12-02 J. R. Sanchez , J. Gonzalez-Estevez , R. Lopez-Ruiz , M. G. Cosenza

We mathematically analyze a simple market model where trading at each point in time involves only two agents with the sum of their money being conserved and with neither parties resulting with negative money after the interaction process.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-31 Arnab Das , Sudhakar Yarlagadda

The conservative wealth-exchange process derived from trade interactions is modeled as a multiplicative stochastic transference of value, where each interaction multiplies the wealth of the poorest of the two intervening agents by a random…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2015-05-30 Cristian F. Moukarzel

Random exchange kinetic models are widely employed to describe the conservative dynamics of large interacting systems. Due to their simplicity and generality, they are quite popular in several fields, from statistical mechanics to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-05-01 Dario Lucente , Marco Baldovin , Andrea Puglisi , Angelo Vulpiani

This Chapter reviews statistical models for the probability distribution of money developed in the econophysics literature since the late 1990s. In these models, economic transactions are modeled as random transfers of money between the…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2012-04-10 Victor M. Yakovenko

We consider the efficient outcome of a canonical economic market model involving buyers and sellers with independent and identically distributed random valuations and costs, respectively. When the number of buyers and sellers is large, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-03-02 Ellen V. Muir , Konstantin Borovkov