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Related papers: Lempel-Ziv Parsing in External Memory

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An integer $n$ is $(y,z)$-semismooth if $n=pm$ where $m$ is an integer with all prime divisors $\le y$ and $p$ is 1 or a prime $\le z$. arge quantities of semismooth integers are utilized in modern integer factoring algorithms, such as the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Eric Bach , Jonathan Sorenson

Random access to highly compressed strings -- represented by straight-line programs or Lempel-Ziv parses, for example -- is a well-studied topic. Random access to such strings in strongly sublogarithmic time is impossible in the worst case,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Ferdinando Cicalese , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Nicola Prezza , Cristian Urbina

In today's data-centric world, fast and effective compression of data is paramount. To measure success towards the second goal, Kempa and Prezza [STOC2018] introduce the string attractor, a combinatorial object unifying dictionary-based…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Philip Whittington

The input/output complexity, which is the complexity of data exchange between the main memory and the external memory, has been elaborately studied by a lot of former researchers. However, the existing works failed to consider the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Hengzhao Ma , Jianzhong Li , Xiangyu Gao , Tianpeng Gao

Grammar-based compression is a popular and powerful approach to compressing repetitive texts but until recently its relatively poor time-space trade-offs during real-life construction made it impractical for truly massive datasets such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Travis Gagie , Tomohiro I , Giovanni Manzini , Gonzalo Navarro , Hiroshi Sakamoto , Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Yoshimasa Takabatake

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in natural language processing, showcasing exceptional performance across various tasks. However, the expensive memory and computational requirements present significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ruihao Gong , Yifu Ding , Zining Wang , Chengtao Lv , Xingyu Zheng , Jinyang Du , Haotong Qin , Jinyang Guo , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

We initiate the study of differentially private data-compression schemes motivated by the insecurity of the popular "Compress-Then-Encrypt" framework. Data compression is a useful tool which exploits redundancy in data to reduce…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jeremiah Blocki , Seunghoon Lee , Brayan Sebastián Yepes Garcia

Reasoning is a core capability of large language models, yet how multi-step reasoning is learned and executed remains unclear. We study this question in a controlled cellular-automata (1dCA) framework that excludes memorisation by using…

In this report, we summarize the set partition enumeration problems and thoroughly explain the algorithms used to solve them. These algorithms iterate through the partitions in lexicographic order and are easy to understand and implement in…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Giorgos Stamatelatos , Pavlos S. Efraimidis

Tokenization efficiency plays a critical role in the performance and cost of large language models (LLMs), yet most models rely on static tokenizers optimized on general-purpose corpora. These tokenizers' fixed vocabularies often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Saibo Geng , Nathan Ranchin , Yunzhen yao , Maxime Peyrard , Chris Wendler , Michael Gastpar , Robert West

Shannon's entropy is a clear lower bound for statistical compression. The situation is not so well understood for dictionary-based compression. A plausible lower bound is $b$, the least number of phrases of a general bidirectional parse of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Gonzalo Navarro , Carlos Ochoa , Nicola Prezza

Modern data compression methods are slowly reaching their limits after 80 years of research, millions of papers, and wide range of applications. Yet, the extravagant 6G communication speed requirement raises a major open question for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Ziguang Li , Chao Huang , Xuliang Wang , Haibo Hu , Cole Wyeth , Dongbo Bu , Quan Yu , Wen Gao , Xingwu Liu , Ming Li

This paper describes efficient algorithms for computing rank-revealing factorizations of matrices that are too large to fit in RAM, and must instead be stored on slow external memory devices such as solid-state or spinning disk hard drives…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Nathan Heavner , Per-Gunnar Martinsson , Gregorio Quintana-Ortí

We introduce the LZ penalty, a penalty specialized for reducing degenerate repetitions in autoregressive language models without loss of capability. The penalty is based on the codelengths in the LZ77 universal lossless compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Antonio A. Ginart , Naveen Kodali , Jason Lee , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , John R. Emmons

String sorting is an important part of tasks such as building index data structures. Unfortunately, current string sorting algorithms do not scale to massively parallel distributed-memory machines since they either have latency (at least)…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Florian Kurpicz , Pascal Mehnert , Peter Sanders , Matthias Schimek

In recent years a large number of problems have been considered in external memory models of computation, where the complexity measure is the number of blocks of data that are moved between slow external memory and fast internal memory…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-12-11 Lars Arge , Mikkel Thorup

We introduce Lexico, a novel KV cache compression method that leverages sparse coding with a universal dictionary. Our key finding is that key-value cache in modern LLMs can be accurately approximated using sparse linear combination from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Junhyuck Kim , Jongho Park , Jaewoong Cho , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

We present a study on the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) in tabular data classification, emphasizing an efficient framework. Building upon existing work done in TabLLM (arXiv:2210.10723), we introduce three novel serialization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Sukriti Jaitly , Tanay Shah , Ashish Shugani , Razik Singh Grewal

Most of the fastest-growing string collections today are repetitive, that is, most of the constituent documents are similar to many others. As these collections keep growing, a key approach to handling them is to exploit their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-05-22 Travis Gagie , Aleksi Hartikainen , Kalle Karhu , Juha Kärkkäinen , Gonzalo Navarro , Simon J. Puglisi , Jouni Sirén

Externalized reasoning is already exploited by transformer-based agents through chain-of-thought, but structured retrieval -- indexing over one's own reasoning state -- remains underexplored. We formalize the transformer context window as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zachary F. Mainen