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We consider the following problem for a fixed graph H: given a graph G and two H-colorings of G, i.e. homomorphisms from G to H, can one be transformed (reconfigured) into the other by changing one color at a time, maintaining an H-coloring…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Marcin Wrochna

A large body of work has investigated the properties of graph neural networks and identified several limitations, particularly pertaining to their expressive power. Their inability to count certain patterns (e.g., cycles) in a graph lies at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Emily Jin , Michael Bronstein , İsmail İlkan Ceylan , Matthias Lanzinger

In this paper, we will show dichotomy theorems for the computation of polynomials corresponding to evaluation of graph homomorphisms in Valiant's model. We are given a fixed graph $H$ and want to find all graphs, from some graph class,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-12-02 Christian Engels

A classical result due to Lovasz (1967) shows that the isomorphism type of a graph is determined by homomorphism counts. That is, graphs G and H are isomorphic whenever the number of homomorphisms from K to G is the same as the number of…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2021-11-12 Luca Reggio

In the Telephone Broadcasting problem, the goal is to disseminate a message from a given source vertex of an input graph to all other vertices in the minimum number of rounds, where at each round, an informed vertex can send the message to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Aida Aminian , Shahin Kamali , Seyed-Mohammad Seyed-Javadi , Sumedha

In this paper we resolve the complexity of the isomorphism problem on all but finitely many of the graph classes characterized by two forbidden induced subgraphs. To this end we develop new techniques applicable for the structural and…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-11-10 Pascal Schweitzer

Graph G is the square of graph H if two vertices x, y have an edge in G if and only if x, y are of distance at most two in H. Given H it is easy to compute its square H2, however Motwani and Sudan proved that it is NP-complete to determine…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-02-13 Babak Farzad , Lap Chi Lau , Van Bang Le , Nguyen Ngoc Tuy

An edge-weighted graph $G$, possibly with loops, is said to be antiferromagnetic if it has nonnegative weights and at most one positive eigenvalue, counting multiplicities. The number of graph homomorphisms from a graph $H$ to an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Joonkyung Lee , Jaeseong Oh , Jaehyeon Seo

The number of homomorphisms from a finite graph $F$ to the complete graph $K_n$ is the evaluation of the chromatic polynomial of $F$ at $n$. Suitably scaled, this is the Tutte polynomial evaluation $T(F;1-n,0)$ and an invariant of the cycle…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-02-25 Andrew Goodall , Guus Regts , Lluis Vena

We systematically investigate the complexity of counting subgraph patterns modulo fixed integers. For example, it is known that the parity of the number of $k$-matchings can be determined in polynomial time by a simple reduction to the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Radu Curticapean , Holger Dell , Thore Husfeldt

We completely classify the computational complexity of the list H-colouring problem for graphs (with possible loops) in combinatorial and algebraic terms: for every graph H the problem is either NP-complete, NL-complete, L-complete or is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-02-03 Laszlo Egri , Andrei Krokhin , Benoit Larose , Pascal Tesson

We show that the existence of a homomorphism from an $n$-vertex graph $G$ to an $h$-vertex graph $H$ can be decided in time $2^{O(n)}h^{O(1)}$ and polynomial space if $H$ comes from a family of graphs that excludes a topological minor. The…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Clément Carbonnel

We revisit the algorithmic problem of reconstructing a graph from homomorphism counts that has first been studied in (B\"oker et al., STACS 2024): given graphs $F_1,\ldots,F_k$ and counts $m_1,\ldots,m_k$, decide if there is a graph $G$…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Timo Gervens , Martin Grohe , Louis Härtel , Philipp da Silva Fonseca

A graph $G$ covers a graph $H$ if there exists a locally bijective homomorphism from $G$ to $H$. We deal with regular covers in which this locally bijective homomorphism is prescribed by an action of a subgroup of ${\rm Aut}(G)$. Regular…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-05-29 Jiří Fiala , Pavel Klavík , Jan Kratochvíl , Roman Nedela

We consider the problem of finding a homomorphism from an input digraph $G$ to a fixed digraph $H$. We show that if $H$ admits a weak-near-unanimity polymorphism $\phi$ then deciding whether $G$ admits a homomorphism to $H$ (HOM($H$)) is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Tomás Feder , Jeff Kinne , Ashwin Murali , Arash Rafiey

We examine the computational complexity of approximately counting the list H-colourings of a graph. We discover a natural graph-theoretic trichotomy based on the structure of the graph H. If H is an irreflexive bipartite graph or a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-01-06 Andreas Galanis , Leslie Ann Goldberg , Mark Jerrum

A homomorphism from a graph $G$ to a graph $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$. Let $H$ be a fixed graph with possible loops. In the list homomorphism problem, denoted by \textsc{LHom}($H$), the instance is a graph $G$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Sándor Kisfaludi-Bak , Karolina Okrasa , Paweł Rzążewski

This paper studies the problem of counting homomorphisms from a bipartite source graph to a bipartite target graph. An exact formula is first derived for the number of homomorphisms from a complete bipartite graph into a general bipartite…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-21 Igal Sason

The problem Cover(H) asks whether an input graph G covers a fixed graph H (i.e., whether there exists a homomorphism G to H which locally preserves the structure of the graphs). Complexity of this problem has been intensively studied. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-20 Ondřej Bílka , Jozef Jirásek , Pavel Klavík , Martin Tancer , Jan Volec

We study the complexity of graph modification problems with respect to homomorphism-based colouring properties of edge-coloured graphs. A homomorphism from edge-coloured graph $G$ to edge-coloured graph $H$ is a vertex-mapping from $G$ to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Florent Foucaud , Hervé Hocquard , Dimitri Lajou , Valia Mitsou , Théo Pierron