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We study the matrices Q_k of in-forests of a weighted digraph G and their connections with the Laplacian matrix L of G. The (i,j) entry of Q_k is the total weight of spanning converging forests (in-forests) with k arcs such that i belongs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Pavel Chebotarev , Rafig Agaev

The uniform spanning forest (USF) in Z^d is the weak limit of random, uniformly chosen, spanning trees in [-n,n]^d. Pemantle proved that the USF consists a.s. of a single tree if and only if d <= 4. We prove that any two components of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-04-28 Itai Benjamini , Harry Kesten , Yuval Peres , Oded Schramm

Using the special value at $u=1$ of Artin-Ihara $L$-functions, we associate to every $\mathbb{Z}$-cover of a finite connected graph a polynomial which we call the \emph{Ihara polynomial}. We show that the number of spanning trees for the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-11 Riccardo Pengo , Daniel Vallières

We study three combinatorial models for the lower-triangular matrix with entries $t_{n,k} = \binom{n}{k} n^{n-k}$: two involving rooted trees on the vertex set $[n+1]$, and one involving partial functional digraphs on the vertex set $[n]$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Xi Chen , Alan D. Sokal

In this paper, we develop a new method to produce explicit formulas for the number $f_{G}(n)$ of rooted spanning forests in the circulant graphs $ G=C_{n}(s_1,s_2,\ldots,s_k)$ and $ G=C_{2n}(s_1,s_2,\ldots,s_k,n).$ These formulas are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-08 L. A. Grunwald , I. A. Mednykh

Let $F(t,u)\equiv F(u)$ be a formal power series in $t$ with polynomial coefficients in $u$. Let $F\_1, ..., F\_k$ be $k$ formal power series in $t$, independent of $u$. Assume all these series are characterized by a polynomial equation $$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-05-05 Mireille Bousquet-Mélou , Arnaud Jehanne

In this article we investigate the Uniform Spanning Forest ($\mathsf{USF}$) in the nearest-neighbour integer lattice $\mathbf{Z}^{d+1} = \mathbf{Z}\times \mathbf{Z}^d$ with an assignment of conductances that makes the underlying (Network)…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-03 Guillermo Martinez Dibene

We prove a generalization of Kirchhoff's matrix-tree theorem in which a large class of combinatorial objects are represented by non-Gaussian Grassmann integrals. As a special case, we show that unrooted spanning forests, which arise as a q…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 Sergio Caracciolo , Jesper Lykke Jacobsen , Hubert Saleur , Alan D. Sokal , Andrea Sportiello

Let G be a graph with vertex set {1,...,n}. A spanning forest F of G is increasing if the sequence of labels on any path starting at the minimum vertex of a tree of F form an increasing sequence. Hallam and Sagan showed that the generating…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-18 Joshua Hallam , Jeremy L. Martin , Bruce E. Sagan

Studying the virtual Euler characteristic of the moduli space of curves, Harer and Zagier compute the generating function $C_g(z)$ of unicellular maps of genus $g$. They furthermore identify coefficients, $\kappa^{\star}_{g}(n)$, which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-06-25 Thomas J. X. Li , Christian M. Reidys

We consider models of block-weighted random planar maps in which possibly decorated maps are decomposed canonically into blocks, each block receiving the weight $u$. These maps present a transition at some critical value $u=u_{cr}$ above…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Bertrand Duplantier , Emmanuel Guitter

We consider the lower-triangular matrix of generating polynomials that enumerate $k$-component forests of rooted trees on the vertex set $[n]$ according to the number of improper edges (generalizations of the Ramanujan polynomials). We show…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-04-03 Alan D. Sokal

We address the enumeration of Eulerian orientations of 4-valent planar maps according to three parameters: the number of vertices, the number of alternating vertices (having in/out/in/out incident edges), and the number of clockwise…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-20 Mireille Bousquet-Mélou , Andrew Elvey Price

The problem of enumerating spanning trees on graphs and lattices is considered. We obtain bounds on the number of spanning trees $N_{ST}$ and establish inequalities relating the numbers of spanning trees of different graphs or lattices. A…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2008-11-26 R. Shrock , F. Y. Wu

We introduce a systematic approach to express generating functions for the enumeration of maps on surfaces of high genus in terms of a single generating function relevant to planar surfaces. Central to this work is the comparison of two…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-02-07 Nicholas Ercolani , Joceline Lega , Brandon Tippings

In light of the grammar given by Ji for the $(\alpha,\beta)$-Eulerian polynomials introduced by Carlitz and Scoville, we provide a labeling scheme for increasing binary trees. In this setting, we obtain a combinatorial interpretation of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-31 William Y. C. Chen , Amy M. Fu

As a follow-up of previous work of the authors, we analyse the statistical mechanics model of random spanning forests on random planar graphs. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of the critical behaviour. Exploiting an exact relation…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-10-07 Roberto Bondesan , Sergio Caracciolo , Andrea Sportiello

Phylogenetic networks are rooted, labelled directed acyclic graphs which are commonly used to represent reticulate evolution. There is a close relationship between phylogenetic networks and multi-labelled trees (MUL-trees). Indeed, any…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-16 Katharina T. Huber , Vincent Moulton , Mike Steel , Taoyang Wu

We introduce the set of (non-spanning) tree-decorated planar maps, and show that they are in bijection with the Cartesian product between the set of trees and the set of maps with a simple boundary. As a consequence, we count the number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-09 Luis Fredes , Avelio Sepúlveda

We consider determinantal point processes (DPPs) constrained by spanning trees. Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ and a positive semi-definite matrix $\mathbf{A}$ indexed by $E$, a spanning-tree DPP defines a distribution such that we draw…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Tatsuya Matsuoka , Naoto Ohsaka