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In this paper, we address the limitations of the common data annotation and training methods for objective single-label classification tasks. Typically, when annotating such tasks annotators are only asked to provide a single label for each…
Deverbal nouns are nominal forms of verbs commonly used in written English texts to describe events or actions, as well as their arguments. However, many NLP systems, and in particular pattern-based ones, neglect to handle such nominalized…
Humans do not make inferences over texts, but over models of what texts are about. When annotators are asked to annotate coreferent spans of text, it is therefore a somewhat unnatural task. This paper presents an alternative in which we…
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in empirical software engineering (ESE) to automate or assist annotation tasks such as labeling commits, issues, and qualitative artifacts. Yet the reliability and reproducibility of such…
The utility of linguistic annotation in neural machine translation seemed to had been established in past papers. The experiments were however limited to recurrent sequence-to-sequence architectures and relatively small data settings. We…
A lot of real-world phenomena are complex and cannot be captured by single task annotations. This causes a need for subsequent annotations, with interdependent questions and answers describing the nature of the subject at hand. Even in the…
Recently generating natural language explanations has shown very promising results in not only offering interpretable explanations but also providing additional information and supervision for prediction. However, existing approaches…
The representation of sentences is a very important task. It can be used as a way to exchange data inter-applications. One main characteristic, that a notation must have, is a minimal size and a representative form. This can reduce the…
Formality is one of the important characteristics of text documents. The automatic detection of the formality level of a text is potentially beneficial for various natural language processing tasks. Before, two large-scale datasets were…
We describe a transfer method based on annotation projection to develop a dependency-based semantic role labeling system for languages for which no supervised linguistic information other than parallel data is available. Unlike previous…
Treebank formats and associated software tools are proliferating rapidly, with little consideration for interoperability. We survey a wide variety of treebank structures and operations, and show how they can be mapped onto the annotation…
Real-world domain experts (e.g., doctors) rarely annotate only a decision label in their day-to-day workflow without providing explanations. Yet, existing low-resource learning techniques, such as Active Learning (AL), that aim to support…
This paper introduces a new web-based software tool for annotating text, Text Annotation Graphs, or TAG. It provides functionality for representing complex relationships between words and word phrases that are not available in other…
The grammatical analysis of texts in any written language typically involves a number of basic processing tasks, such as tokenization, morphological tagging, and dependency parsing. State-of-the-art systems can achieve high accuracy on…
The usefulness of annotated corpora is greatly increased if there is an associated tool that can allow various kinds of operations to be performed in a simple way. Different kinds of annotation frameworks and many query languages for them…
In this work, we present SenTag, a lightweight web-based tool focused on semantic annotation of textual documents. The platform allows multiple users to work on a corpus of documents. The tool enables to tag a corpus of documents through an…
Data annotation remains a significant bottleneck in the Humanities and Social Sciences, particularly for complex semantic tasks such as metaphor identification. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise, a significant gap remains…
Formality style transformation is the task of modifying the formality of a given sentence without changing its content. Its challenge is the lack of large-scale sentence-aligned parallel data. In this paper, we propose an omnivorous model…
In functional programming languages, the classic form of annotation is a single type constraint on a term. Intersection types add complications: a single term may have to be checked several times against different types, in different…
Semantic annotation, the process of identifying key-phrases in texts and linking them to concepts in a knowledge base, is an important basis for semantic information retrieval and the Semantic Web uptake. Despite the emergence of semantic…