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Ranking risks and countermeasures is one of the foremost goals of quantitative security analysis. One of the popular frameworks, used also in industrial practice, for this task are attack-defense trees. Standard quantitative analyses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Florian Dorfhuber , Julia Eisentraut , Katharina Klioba , Jan Kretinsky

Context and Motivation Attack-Defense Trees (ADTs) are a graphical notation used to model and assess security requirements. ADTs are widely popular, as they can facilitate communication between different stakeholders involved in system…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Giovanna Broccia , Maurice H. ter Beek , Alberto Lluch Lafuente , Paola Spoletini , Alessio Ferrari

Attack-Defence Trees (ADTs) are well-suited to assess possible attacks to systems and the efficiency of counter-measures. In this paper, we first enrich the available constructs with reactive patterns that cover further security scenarios,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Jaime Arias , Carlos E. Budde , Wojciech Penczek , Laure Petrucci , Mariëlle Stoelinga

Effective risk management in cybersecurity requires a thorough understanding of the interplay between attacker capabilities and defense strategies. Attack-Defense Trees (ADTs) are a commonly used methodology for representing this interplay;…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Danut-Valentin Copae , Reza Soltani , Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg

Graphical security models constitute a well-known, user-friendly way to represent the security of a system. These kinds of models are used by security experts to identify vulnerabilities and assess the security of a system. The manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Alyzia-Maria Konsta , Beatrice Spiga , Alberto Lluch Lafuente , Nicola Dragoni

Attack-defense trees are a novel methodology for graphical security modeling and assessment. The methodology includes visual, intuitive tree models whose analysis is supported by a rigorous mathematical formalism. Both, the intuitive and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-10-31 Barbara Kordy , Sjouke Mauw , Patrick Schweitzer

This paper introduces AFDL, a logic-based framework for reasoning about safety, security, and defense interactions in Attack-Fault-Defense Trees, which is a model that captures all safety, security, and defense domains in a single…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Reza Soltani , Stefano M. Nicoletti , Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg , Mariëlle Stoelinga

This paper tackles the problems of generating concrete test cases for testing whether an application is vulnerable to attacks, and of checking whether security solutions are correctly implemented. The approach proposed in the paper aims at…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Sébastien Salva , Loukmen Regainia

Numerous analysis methods for quantitative attack tree analysis have been proposed. These algorithms compute relevant security metrics, i.e. performance indicators that quantify how good the security of a system is, such as the most likely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Carlos E. Budde , Mariëlle Stoelinga

Attack trees are a popular way to represent and evaluate potential security threats on systems or infrastructures. The goal of this work is to provide a framework allowing to express and check whether an attack tree is consistent with the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-12 Maxime Audinot , Sophie Pinchinat , Barbara Kordy

Attack Trees are a graphical model of security used to study threat scenarios. While visually appealing and supported by solid theories and effective tools, one of their main drawbacks remains the amount of effort required by security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Alyzia-Maria Konsta , Gemma Di Federico , Alberto Lluch Lafuente , Andrea Burattin

Attack-defense trees (ADTs) are a prominent graphical threat modeling method that is highly recommended for analyzing and communicating security-related information. Despite this, existing empirical studies of attack trees have established…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Nathan Daniel Schiele , Olga Gadyatskaya

Numerous analysis methods for quantitative attack tree analysis have been proposed. These algorithms compute relevant security metrics, i.e. performance indicators that quantify how good the security of a system is; typical metrics being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg , Carlos E. Budde , Mariëlle Stoelinga

Joint safety and security analysis of cyber-physical systems is a necessary step to correctly capture inter-dependencies between these properties. Attack-Fault Trees represent a combination of dynamic Fault Trees and Attack Trees and can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Raffaela Groner , Thomas Witte , Alexander Raschke , Sophie Hirn , Irdin Pekaric , Markus Frick , Matthias Tichy , Michael Felderer

Attack Trees (ATs) are a widely used tool for security analysis. ATs can be employed in quantitative security analysis through metrics, which assign a security value to an AT. Many different AT metrics exist, and there exist multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Milan Lopuhaä-Zwakenberg

Cloud computing has been adopted widely, providing on-demand computing resources to improve perfornance and reduce the operational costs. However, these new functionalities also bring new ways to exploit the cloud computing environment. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Seoungmo An , Taehoon Eom , Jong Sou Park , Jin B. Hong , Armstrong Nhlabatsi , Noora Fetais , Khaled M. Khan , Dong Seong Kim

Textual adversarial attacking has received wide and increasing attention in recent years. Various attack models have been proposed, which are enormously distinct and implemented with different programming frameworks and settings. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Guoyang Zeng , Fanchao Qi , Qianrui Zhou , Tingji Zhang , Zixian Ma , Bairu Hou , Yuan Zang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Attack trees are considered a useful tool for security modelling because they support qualitative as well as quantitative analysis. The quantitative approach is based on values associated to each node in the tree, expressing, for instance,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Ahto Buldas , Olga Gadyatskaya , Aleksandr Lenin , Sjouke Mauw , Rolando Trujillo-Rasua

Attack trees and attack graphs are both common graphical threat models used by organizations to better understand possible cybersecurity threats. These models have been primarily seen as separate entities, to be used and researched in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Nathan Daniel Schiele , Olga Gadyatskaya

Nowadays, almost all electronic devices include a communication interface that allows to interact with them, exchange data, or operate their services remotely. The trend toward increased interconnectivity simultaneously increases the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Korbinian Christl , Thorsten Tarrach
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