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Entropy production is a universal measure of irreversibility and energy dissipation in physical, chemical, and biological systems operating far from equilibrium. However, quantifying and spatiotemporally localising it in complex processes…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-18 Biswajit Das , Sreekanth K Manikandan

The thermodynamics of quantum systems driven out of equilibrium has attracted increasing attention in last the decade, in connection with quantum information and statistical physics, and with a focus on non-classical signatures. While a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Gonzalo Manzano , Roberta Zambrini

The total entropy production of stochastic systems can be divided into three quantities. The first corresponds to the excess heat, whilst the second two comprise the house-keeping heat. We denote these two components the transient and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-03 Richard E. Spinney , Ian J. Ford

We compute statistical properties of the stochastic entropy production associated with the nonstationary transport of heat through a system coupled to a time dependent nonisothermal heat bath. We study the 1-d stochastic evolution of a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-10-14 Ian J. Ford , Zachary P. L. Laker , Henry J. Charlesworth

We introduce a numerical method to sample the distributions of charge, heat, and entropy production in open quantum systems coupled strongly to macroscopic reservoirs, with both temporal and energy resolution and beyond the linear-response…

We consider conservative quantum evolutions possibly interrupted by macroscopic measurements. When started in a nonequilibrium state, the resulting path-space measure is not time-reversal invariant and the weight of time-reversal breaking…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 I. Callens , W. De Roeck , T. Jacobs , C. Maes , K. Netocny

Nonequilibrium steady-state currents, unlike their equilibrium counterparts, continuously dissipate energy into their physical surroundings leading to entropy production and time-reversal symmetry breaking. This letter discusses these…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2009-11-13 Pankaj Mehta , Natan Andrei

We study the entropy production of an open quantum system surrounded by a complex environment consisting of several heat baths at different temperatures. The detailed balance is elaborated in view of the distinguishable channels provided by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-07-09 Cheng-Yun Cai , Sheng-Wen Li , Xu-Feng Liu , C. P. Sun

Systems coupled to multiple thermodynamic reservoirs can exhibit nonequilibrium dynamics, breaking detailed balance to generate currents. To power these currents, the entropy of the reservoirs increases. The rate of entropy production, or…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-16 Junang Li , Jordan M. Horowitz , Todd R. Gingrich , Nikta Fakhri

We study fluctuations of entropy production for a charged Brownian particle confined in a harmonic trap and driven out of equilibrium by crossed electric and magnetic fields. The magnetic field is constant and perpendicular to the plane of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-19 L. C. González-Morales , I. Pérez Castillo , J. I. Jiménez-Aquino

We formulate a geometric framework in which physical laws emerge from restricted access to microscopic information. Measurement constraints are modeled as a gauge symmetry acting on density operators, inducing a gauge-reduced space of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Tiago Pernambuco , Lucas Chibebe Céleri

We study quantum conditional entropy production, which quantifies the irreversibility of system-environment evolution from the perspective of a third system, called the reference. The reference is initially correlated with the system. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-01 Kun Zhang , Xuanhua Wang , Qian Zeng , Jin Wang

We define the entropy operator as the negative of the logarithm of the density matrix, give a prescription for extracting its thermodynamically measurable part, and discuss its dynamics. For an isolated system we derive the first, second…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-07-06 E. Solano-Carrillo , A. J. Millis

The time-reversal symmetry of nonequilibrium fluctuations is experimentally investigated in two out-of-equilibrium systems namely, a Brownian particle in a trap moving at constant speed and an electric circuit with an imposed mean current.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-31 David Andrieux , Pierre Gaspard , Sergio Ciliberto , Nicolas Garnier , Sylvain Joubaud , Artyom Petrosyan

We extend the canonical Gibbs distribution, originally formulated for systems at equilibrium, to systems driven out of equilibrium. The stochastic dynamics of a small system are described by a probability distribution over discrete energy…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-31 Jean-Luc Garden

Using the stochastic thermodynamics, we determine the entropy production and the dynamic heat capacity of systems subject to a sinusoidally time dependent temperature, in which case the systems are permanently out of thermodynamic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-06-26 Carlos E. Fiore , Mário J. de Oliveira

It is well known that entropy production is a proxy to the detection of non-equilibrium, i.e. of the absence of detailed balance; however, due to the global character of this quantity, its knowledge does not allow to identify spatial…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-09-01 Camilla Sarra , Marco Baldovin , Angelo Vulpiani

Systems driven away from thermal equilibrium constantly deliver entropy to their environment. Determining this entropy production requires detailed information about the system's internal states and dynamics. However, in most practical…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-10-03 Gili Bisker , Matteo Polettini , Todd R. Gingrich , Jordan M. Horowitz

Asymptotic fluctuation theorems are statements of a Gallavotti-Cohen symmetry in the rate function of either the time-averaged entropy production or heat dissipation of a process. Such theorems have been proved for various general classes…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-01-23 Benjamin Hertz Shargel , Tom Chou

A theory for non-equilibrium systems is derived from a maximum entropy approach similar in spirit to the equilibrium theory given by Gibbs. Requiring Hamilton's principle of stationary action to be satisfied on average during a trajectory,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-02-04 David M. Rogers , Susan B. Rempe