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What do auto-encoders learn about the underlying data generating distribution? Recent work suggests that some auto-encoder variants do a good job of capturing the local manifold structure of data. This paper clarifies some of these previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-08-20 Guillaume Alain , Yoshua Bengio

Parametric and non-parametric classifiers often have to deal with real-world data, where corruptions like noise, occlusions, and blur are unavoidable - posing significant challenges. We present a probabilistic approach to classify strongly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Philipp Joppich , Sebastian Dorn , Oliver De Candido , Wolfgang Utschick , Jakob Knollmüller

Recent work (Bengio et al., 2013) has shown howDenoising Auto-Encoders(DAE) become gener-ative models as a density estimator. However,in practice, the framework suffers from a mixingproblem in the MCMC sampling process and nodirect method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Dong-Hyun Lee

We prove an exact relationship between the optimal denoising function and the data distribution in the case of additive Gaussian noise, showing that denoising implicitly models the structure of data allowing it to be exploited in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-11 Heikki Arponen , Matti Herranen , Harri Valpola

Recent work suggests that some auto-encoder variants do a good job of capturing the local manifold structure of the unknown data generating density. This paper contributes to the mathematical understanding of this phenomenon and helps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Yoshua Bengio , Guillaume Alain , Salah Rifai

We discuss the similarities and differences between training an auto-encoder to minimize the reconstruction error, and training the same auto-encoder to compress the data via a generative model. Minimizing a codelength for the data using an…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-01-26 Yann Ollivier

Autoencoders have demonstrated remarkable success in learning low-dimensional latent features of high-dimensional data across various applications. Assuming that data are sampled near a low-dimensional manifold, we employ chart…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-26 Hao Liu , Alex Havrilla , Rongjie Lai , Wenjing Liao

Despite their fundamental role, it remains unclear what properties could make tokenizers more effective for generative modeling. We observe that modern generative models share a conceptually similar training objective -- reconstructing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jiawei Yang , Tianhong Li , Lijie Fan , Yonglong Tian , Yue Wang

Anomaly detection plays a pivotal role in automated industrial inspection, aiming to identify subtle or rare defects in otherwise uniform visual patterns. As collecting representative examples of all possible anomalies is infeasible, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Alexander Bauer , Klaus-Robert Müller

Unsupervised learning is of growing interest because it unlocks the potential held in vast amounts of unlabelled data to learn useful representations for inference. Autoencoders, a form of generative model, may be trained by learning to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Antonia Creswell , Anil Anthony Bharath

Autoencoders are a prominent model in many empirical branches of machine learning and lossy data compression. However, basic theoretical questions remain unanswered even in a shallow two-layer setting. In particular, to what degree does a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Kevin Kögler , Alexander Shevchenko , Hamed Hassani , Marco Mondelli

Consider a lossy compression system with $\ell$ distributed encoders and a centralized decoder. Each encoder compresses its observed source and forwards the compressed data to the decoder for joint reconstruction of the target signals under…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Yizhong Wang , Li Xie , Xuan Zhang , Jun Chen

Explicit noise-level conditioning is widely regarded as essential for the effective operation of Graph Diffusion Models (GDMs). In this work, we challenge this assumption by investigating whether denoisers can implicitly infer noise levels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jipeng Li , Yanning Shen

Image denoising aims to remove noise while preserving structural details and perceptual realism, yet distortion-driven methods often produce over-smoothed reconstructions, especially under strong noise and distribution shift. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nam Nguyen , Thinh Nguyen , Bella Bose

The contractive auto-encoder learns a representation of the input data that captures the local manifold structure around each data point, through the leading singular vectors of the Jacobian of the transformation from input to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Salah Rifai , Yoshua Bengio , Yann Dauphin , Pascal Vincent

Autoencoders are neural network formulations where the input and output of the network are identical and the goal is to identify the hidden representation in the provided datasets. Generally, autoencoders project the data nonlinearly onto a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-10 Debjani Bhowick , Deepak K. Gupta , Saumen Maiti , Uma Shankar

The autoregressive time series model is a popular second-order stationary process, modeling a wide range of real phenomena. However, in applications, autoregressive signals are often corrupted by additive noise. Further, the autoregressive…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-09 Sayantan Banerjee , Agnieszka Wylomanska , Sundar S

Auto-Encoders are unsupervised models that aim to learn patterns from observed data by minimizing a reconstruction cost. The useful representations learned are often found to be sparse and distributed. On the other hand, compressed sensing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-14 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Hung Q. Ngo , Nils Napp , Venu Govindaraju

This paper aims to develop a new and robust approach to feature representation. Motivated by the success of Auto-Encoders, we first theoretical summarize the general properties of all algorithms that are based on traditional Auto-Encoders:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-24 Zeng Yu , Tianrui Li , Ning Yu , Yi Pan , Hongmei Chen , Bing Liu

In Gaussian graphical model selection, noise-corrupted samples present significant challenges. It is known that even minimal amounts of noise can obscure the underlying structure, leading to fundamental identifiability issues. A recent line…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-09 Abrar Zahin , Rajasekhar Anguluri , Lalitha Sankar , Oliver Kosut , Gautam Dasarathy
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