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We introduce the cross-composition framework for proving kernelization lower bounds. A classical problem L AND/OR-cross-composes into a parameterized problem Q if it is possible to efficiently construct an instance of Q with polynomially…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Hans L. Bodlaender , Bart M. P. Jansen , Stefan Kratsch

The Minimum Vertex Cover problem, a classical NP-complete problem, presents significant challenges for exact solution on large graphs. Fixed-Parameter Tractability (FPT) offers a powerful paradigm to address such problems by exploiting a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mumuksh Tayal

Given a graph $G$ with source and destination vertices $s,t\in V(G)$ respectively, \textsc{Tracking Paths} asks for a minimum set of vertices $T\subseteq V(G)$, such that the sequence of vertices encountered in each simple path from $s$ to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Pratibha Choudhary , Venkatesh Raman

In a parameterized problem, every instance I comes with a positive integer k. The problem is said to admit a polynomial kernel if, in polynomial time, one can reduce the size of the instance I to a polynomial in k, while preserving the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-09-26 Hans L. Bodlaender , Fedor V. Fomin , Daniel Lokshtanov , Eelko Penninkx , Saket Saurabh , Dimitrios M. Thilikos

Nowhere dense classes of graphs are very general classes of uniformly sparse graphs with several seemingly unrelated characterisations. From an algorithmic perspective, a characterisation of these classes in terms of uniform quasi-wideness,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-09-06 Stephan Kreutzer , Roman Rabinovich , Sebastian Siebertz

While graphs and abstract data structures can be large and complex, practical instances are often regular or highly structured. If the instance has sufficient structure, we might hope to compress the object into a more succinct…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shreya Gupta , Boyang Huang , Russell Impagliazzo , Stanley Woo , Christopher Ye

Tracking of moving objects is crucial to security systems and networks. Given a graph $G$, terminal vertices $s$ and $t$, and an integer $k$, the \textsc{Tracking Paths} problem asks whether there exists at most $k$ vertices, which if…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Pratibha Choudhary , Venkatesh Raman

{\em Partial domination problem} is a generalization of the {\em minimum dominating set problem} on graphs. Here, instead of dominating all the nodes, one asks to dominate at least a fraction of the nodes of the given graph by choosing a…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Madhura Dutta , Anil Maheshwari , Subhas C. Nandy , Bodhayan Roy

We study the existence of polynomial kernels, for parameterized problems without a polynomial kernel on general graphs, when restricted to graphs of bounded twin-width. Our main result is that a polynomial kernel for $k$-Dominating Set on…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Édouard Bonnet , Eun Jung Kim , Amadeus Reinald , Stéphan Thomassé , Rémi Watrigant

An $\alpha$-approximate polynomial Turing kernelization is a polynomial-time algorithm that computes an $(\alpha c)$-approximate solution for a parameterized optimization problem when given access to an oracle that can compute…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Stefan Kratsch , Pascal Kunz

In an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, we say $(A,B)$ is a pair of perfectly matched sets if $A$ and $B$ are disjoint subsets of $V$ and every vertex in $A$ (resp. $B$) has exactly one neighbor in $B$ (resp. $A$). The size of a pair of perfectly…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-11-08 N. R. Aravind , Roopam Saxena

Let F be a finite family of graphs. In the F-Deletion problem, one is given a graph G and an integer k, and the goal is to find k vertices whose deletion results in a graph with no minor from the family F. This may be regarded as a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Roohani Sharma , Michał Włodarczyk

For a given graph $G$, a depth-first search (DFS) tree $T$ of $G$ is an $r$-rooted spanning tree such that every edge of $G$ is either an edge of $T$ or is between a \textit{descendant} and an \textit{ancestor} in $T$. A graph $G$ together…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Emmanuel Sam , Benjamin Bergougnoux , Petr A. Golovach , Nello Blaser

Structural graph parameters play an important role in parameterized complexity, including in kernelization. Notably, vertex cover, neighborhood diversity, twin-cover, and modular-width have been studied extensively in the last few years.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Manuel Lafond , Weidong Luo

For a family of graphs $\cal F$, the $\mathcal{F}$-Contraction problem takes as an input a graph $G$ and an integer $k$, and the goal is to decide if there exists $S \subseteq E(G)$ of size at most $k$ such that $G/S$ belongs to $\cal F$.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Akanksha Agrawal , Saket Saurabh , Prafullkumar Tale

Research of cycles through specific vertices is a central topic in graph theory. In this context, we focus on a well-studied computational problem, \textsc{$T$-Cycle}: given an undirected $n$-vertex graph $G$ and a set of $k$ vertices…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Harmender Gahlawat , Abhishek Rathod , Meirav Zehavi

In this paper we investigate the parameterized complexity of the task of counting and detecting occurrences of small patterns in unit disk graphs: Given an $n$-vertex unit disk graph $G$ with an embedding of ply $p$ (that is, the graph is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jesper Nederlof , Krisztina Szilágyi

The Odd Cycle Transversal problem (OCT) asks whether a given graph can be made bipartite by deleting at most $k$ of its vertices. In a breakthrough result Reed, Smith, and Vetta (Operations Research Letters, 2004) gave a $\BigOh(4^kkmn)$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Stefan Kratsch , Magnus Wahlström

Kernelization is an important tool in parameterized algorithmics. Given an input instance accompanied by a parameter, the goal is to compute in polynomial time an equivalent instance of the same problem such that the size of the reduced…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Till Fluschnik , George B. Mertzios , André Nichterlein

The composition technique is a popular method for excluding polynomial-size problem kernels for NP-hard parameterized problems. We present a new technique exploiting triangle-based fractal structures for extending the range of applicability…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-12-27 Till Fluschnik , Danny Hermelin , André Nichterlein , Rolf Niedermeier