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Quantum computer simulators are an indispensable tool for prototyping quantum algorithms and verifying the functioning of existing quantum computer hardware. The current largest quantum computers feature more than one thousand qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Gabin Schieffer , Stefano Markidis , Ivy Peng

We apply numerical optimization and linear algebra algorithms for classical computers to the problem of automatically synthesizing algorithms for quantum computers. Using our framework, we apply several common techniques from these…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Yuxin Huang , Benjamin E. Grossman-Ponemon , David A. B. Hyde

We investigate the boundary between classical and quantum computational power. This work consists of two parts. First we develop new classical simulation algorithms that are centered on sampling methods. Using these techniques we generate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

In this paper we explore the practical use of the corner transfer matrix and its higher-dimensional generalization, the corner tensor, to develop tensor network algorithms for the classical simulation of quantum lattice systems of infinite…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2012-05-11 Roman Orus

We identify a broad class of physical processes in an optical quantum circuit that can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer: this class includes unitary transformations, amplification, noise, and measurements. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen D. Bartlett , Barry C. Sanders

An effective simulation of quantum entanglement is presented using classical fields modulated with n pseudorandom phase sequences (PPSs) that constitute a n2^n-dimensional Hilbert space with a tensor product structure. Applications to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Jian Fu , Xingkun Wu

This work presents a new approach for simulating the HHL linear systems of equations solver algorithm with tensor networks. First, a novel HHL in the qudits formalism, the generalization of qubits, is developed, and then its operations are…

We show that several quantum circuit families can be simulated efficiently classically if it is promised that their output distribution is approximately sparse i.e. the distribution is close to one where only a polynomially small, a priori…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-28 Martin Schwarz , Maarten Van den Nest

As simulations of quantum systems cross the limits of classical computability, both quantum and classical approaches become hard to verify. Scaling predictions are therefore based on local structure and asymptotic assumptions, typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Alberto Nocera , Jack Raymond , William Bernoudy , Mohammad H. Amin , Andrew D. King

Tensor networks, which are originally developed for characterizing complex quantum many-body systems, have recently emerged as a powerful framework for capturing high-dimensional probability distributions with strong physical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Haotong Duan , Zhongming Chen , Ngai Wong

We present a comprehensive study of quantum simulation methods and quantum simulators for classical computers. We first study an exhaustive set of 150+ simulators and quantum libraries. Then, we short-list the simulators that are actively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-29 Kieran Young , Marcus Scese , Ali Ebnenasir

The tensor network states (TNS) methods combined with Monte Carlo (MC) techniques have been proved a powerful algorithm for simulating quantum many-body systems. However, because the ground state energy is a highly non-linear function of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-06-19 Wenyuan Liu , Chao Wang , Yanbin Li , Yuyang Lao , Yongjian Han , Guang-Can Guo , Lixin He

Tensor networks permit computational and entanglement resources to be concentrated in interesting regions of Hilbert space. Implemented on NISQ machines they allow simulation of quantum systems that are much larger than the computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-08 Fergus Barratt , James Dborin , Matthias Bal , Vid Stojevic , Frank Pollmann , Andrew G. Green

Classical simulation is essential in quantum algorithm development and quantum device verification. With the increasing complexity and diversity of quantum circuit structures, existing classical simulation algorithms need to be improved and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yaojian Chen , Zhaoqi Sun , Chengyu Qiu , Zegang Li , Yanfei Liu , Lin Gan , Xiaohui Duan , Guangwen Yang

We study classical simulation of quantum computation, taking the Gottesman-Knill theorem as a starting point. We show how each Clifford circuit can be reduced to an equivalent, manifestly simulatable circuit (normal form). This provides a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

Variational tensor network optimization has become a powerful tool for studying classical statistical models in two dimensions. However, its application to three-dimensional systems remains limited, primarily due to the high computational…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-14 Xia-Ze Xu , Tong-Yu Lin , Guang-Ming Zhang

Understanding the capabilities of classical simulation methods is key to identifying where quantum computers are advantageous. Not only does this ensure that quantum computers are used only where necessary, but also one can potentially…

Classical simulations of quantum circuits play a vital role in the development of quantum computers and for taking the temperature of the field. Here, we classically simulate various physically-motivated circuits using 2D tensor network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 Manuel S. Rudolph , Joseph Tindall

We investigate quantum algorithms derived from tensor networks to simulate the static and dynamic properties of quantum many-body systems. Using a sequentially prepared quantum circuit representation of a matrix product state (MPS) that we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Michael L. Wall , Aidan Reilly , John S. Van Dyke , Collin Broholm , Paraj Titum

As quantum computers of non-trivial size become available in the near future, it is imperative to develop tools to emulate small quantum computers. This allows for validation and debugging of algorithms as well as exploring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-24 Thomas Häner , Damian S. Steiger , Mikhail Smelyanskiy , Matthias Troyer