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Discrete variables are common in many applications, such as probabilistic reasoning, planning and explainable AI. When symbolic reasoning techniques are brought in to bear on these applications, a standard technique for handling discrete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yaofang Zhang , Ken Zhou , Adnan Darwiche

Satisfiability (SAT) is a central problem in computer science, and advances in SAT-solving algorithms have a far-reaching impact across many fields. Recent works have proposed quantum SAT solvers based on Grover's algorithm, a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Shang-Wei Lin , Ji-Qing Yan , Yean-Ru Chen , Zhe Hou , David Sanán

A Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraint is a linear arithmetic constraint over Boolean variables. PB constraints are convenient and widely used in expressing NP-complete problems. We introduce a new, two step, method for transforming PB…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Amir Aavani

We present an approach to propagation based solving, Boolean equi-propagation, where constraints are modelled as propagators of information about equalities between Boolean literals. Propagation based solving applies this information as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Amit Metodi , Michael Codish , Vitaly Lagoon , Peter J. Stuckey

Existing methods provide varying algorithms for different types of Boolean satisfiability problems (SAT), lacking a general solution framework. Accordingly, this study proposes a unified framework DCSAT based on integer programming and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Anqi Li , Congying Han , Tiande Guo , Haoran Li , Bonan Li

Over the last two decades, we have seen a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning Boolean satisfiability (CDCL SAT) solvers on industrial problems from a variety of domains. The availability of such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Saeed Nejati , Vijay Ganesh

The Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT), as the prototypical $\mathsf{NP}$-complete problem, is crucial in both theoretical computer science and practical applications. To address this problem, stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Maximilian J. Kramer , Paul Boes , Jens Eisert

We present a general framework for good CNF-representations of boolean constraints, to be used for translating decision problems into SAT problems (i.e., deciding satisfiability for conjunctive normal forms). We apply it to the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-06 Matthew Gwynne , Oliver Kullmann

This paper is devoted to the complexity of the Boolean satisfiability problem. We consider a version of this problem, where the Boolean formula is specified in the conjunctive normal form. We prove an unexpected result that the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Grigoriy V. Bokov

We intend to create new concepts aimed at finding necessary and sufficient conditions for Boolean satisfiability so that these conditions can be verified in polynomial time. Based on these conditions it will be possible to create an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Stepan Margaryan

Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) is fundamental to many applications. Existing works have used graph neural networks (GNNs) for (approximate) SAT solving. Typical GNN-based end-to-end SAT solvers predict SAT solutions concurrently. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Min Li , Zhengyuan Shi , Wenjie Zhang , Yingcong Chen , Hongce Zhang

We present a selective bibliography about efficient SAT solving, focused on optimizations for the CDCL-based algorithms.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Louis Abraham

The aim of this short note is mainly pedagogical. It summarizes some knowledge about Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and the P=NP? problem in an elementary mathematical language. A convenient scheme to visualize and manipulate CNF formulae is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-15 Bernd R. Schuh

An O(n+m)-time algorithm is presented for counting the number of models of a two Conjunctive Normal Form Formula F that represents a Cactus graph, where n is the number of variables and m is the number of clauses of F. Although, it was…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-03-01 M. A. López , J. R. Marcial , G. De Ita , H. A. Montes-Venegas , R. Alejo

We present an approach to propagation-based SAT encoding of combinatorial problems, Boolean equi-propagation, where constraints are modeled as Boolean functions which propagate information about equalities between Boolean literals. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-02-05 Amit Metodi , Michael Codish , Peter James Stuckey

We present a simple randomized algorithm that approximates the number of satisfying assignments of Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form. To the best of our knowledge this is the first algorithm which approximates #k-SAT for any k >=…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-07-12 Marc Thurley

In this paper, we propose a constraint-based modeling approach for the problem of discovering frequent gradual patterns in a numerical dataset. This SAT-based declarative approach offers an additional possibility to benefit from the recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Jerry Lonlac , Saïdd Jabbour , Engelbert Mephu Nguifo , Lakhdar Saïs , Badran Raddaoui

SMT solvers have been used successfully as reasoning engines for automated verification and other applications based on automated reasoning. Current techniques for dealing with quantified formulas in SMT are generally incomplete, forcing…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-06-02 Andrew Reynolds , Cesare Tinelli , Clark Barrett

The CNF formula satisfiability problem (CNF-SAT) has been reduced to many fundamental problems in P to prove tight lower bounds under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH). Recently, the works of Abboud, Hansen, Vassilevska W. and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Daniel Gibney , Gary Hoppenworth , Sharma V. Thankachan

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu