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The familiar concepts of state vectors and operators in quantum mechanics rely on associative products of observables. However, these notions do not apply to some exotic systems such as magnetic monopoles, which have long been known to lead…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-22 Martin Bojowald , Suddhasattwa Brahma , Umut Buyukcam

Traditional uncertainty relations dictate a minimal amount of noise in incompatible projective quantum measurements. However, not all measurements are projective. Weak measurements are minimally invasive methods for obtaining partial state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-15 Jonathan T. Monroe , Nicole Yunger Halpern , Taeho Lee , Kater W. Murch

We generalize the concept of a weak value of a quantum observable to cover arbitrary real positive operator measures. We show that the definition is operationally meaningful in the sense that it can be understood within the quantum theory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Erkka Haapasalo , Pekka Lahti , Jussi Schultz

In analogy with conventional quantum mechanics, non-commutative quantum mechanics is formulated as a quantum system on the Hilbert space of Hilbert-Schmidt operators acting on non-commutative configuration space. It is argued that the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-04-17 F G Scholtz , L Gouba , A Hafver , C M Rohwer

A different approach towards quantum theory is proposed in this paper. The basis is taken to be conceptual variables, physical variables that may be accessible or inaccessible, i.e., it may be possible or impossible to assign numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-19 Inge S. Helland

Measurement is a fundamental notion in the usual approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems. Probabilities are predicted for the outcomes of measurements. State vectors evolve unitarily in between measurements and by reduction of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-01-14 James B. Hartle

Some exact formulae of the expectation values and probability densities in a weak measurement for an operator ${\bf A}$ which satisfies the property ${\bf A}^{2}=1$ are derived. These formulae include all-order effects of the unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-24 Kouji Nakamura , Atsushi Nishizawa , Masa-Katsu Fujimoto

The Jordan algebra structure of the bounded real quantum observables was recognized already in the early days of quantum mechanics. While there are plausible reasons for most parts of this structure, the existence of the distributive…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-01-22 Gerd Niestegge

In this article, we study quantum coherence of bipartite state from the perspective of weak measurement, which generalizes the notion of coherence relative to measurement. The is being illustrated by computing coherence for the well-known…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-06 Indrajith V. S , R. Muthuganesan , R. Sankaranarayanan

We consider highly inaccurate measurements made on classical stochastic and quantum systems. In the quantum case such a \e{weak} measurement preserves coherence between the system's alternatives. We demonstrate that in both cases the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 D. Sokolovski , D. Alonso , S. Brouard

The study of mathematical connections between operator-theoretic formulations of classical dynamics and quantum mechanics began at least as early as the 1930s in work of Koopman and von Neumann and was developed in later decades by many…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-23 Dimitrios Giannakis , Michael Montgomery

Quantum mechanics can emerge from classical statistics. A typical quantum system describes an isolated subsystem of a classical statistical ensemble with infinitely many classical states. The state of this subsystem can be characterized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

Quantum mechanics presents peculiar properties that, on the one hand, have been the subject of several theoretical and experimental studies about its very foundations and, on the other hand, provide tools for developing new technologies,…

The time-symmetric formalism endows the weak measurement and its outcome, the weak value,many unique features. In particular, it allows a direct tomography of quantum states without resort to complicated reconstruction algorithms and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-01 Liang Xu , Huichao Xu , Tao Jiang , Feixiang Xu , Kaimin Zheng , Ben Wang , Aonan Zhang , Lijian Zhang

We discuss the classical statistics of isolated subsystems. Only a small part of the information contained in the classical probability distribution for the subsystem and its environment is available for the description of the isolated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

Weak values arise in quantum theory when the result of a weak measurement is conditioned on a subsequent strong measurement. The majority of the trials are discarded, leaving only very few successful events. Intriguingly those can display a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-19 George C. Knee , Joshua Combes , Christopher Ferrie , Erik M. Gauger

It is argued that a weak value of an observable is a robust property of a single pre- and post-selected quantum system rather than a statistical property. During an infinitesimal time a system with a given weak value affects other systems…

The effects of any quantum measurement can be described by a collection of measurement operators {M_m} acting on the quantum state of the measured system. However, the Hilbert space formalism tends to obscure the relationship between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Holger F. Hofmann

We investigate the power of weak measurements in the framework of quantum state discrimination. First, we define and analyze the notion of weak consecutive measurements. Our main result is a convergence theorem whereby we demonstrate when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Boaz Tamir , Eliahu Cohen , Avner Priel

A model is proposed for the statistical analysis of arbitrary-strength quantum measurements, based on a picture of "sampling weak values" from different configurations of the system. The model is comprised of two elements: a "local weak…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Alonso Botero