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With the increased interest in machine learning and big data problems, the need for large amounts of labelled data has also grown. However, it is often infeasible to get experts to label all of this data, which leads many practitioners to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Pierce Burke , Richard Klein

Real-world data for classification is often labeled by multiple annotators. For analyzing such data, we introduce CROWDLAB, a straightforward approach to utilize any trained classifier to estimate: (1) A consensus label for each example…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Hui Wen Goh , Ulyana Tkachenko , Jonas Mueller

Accurate ground truth estimation in medical screening programs often relies on coalitions of experts and peer second opinions. Algorithms that efficiently aggregate noisy annotations can enhance screening workflows, particularly when data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Tim Bary , Tiffanie Godelaine , Axel Abels , Benoît Macq

As acquiring reliable ground-truth labels is usually costly, or infeasible, crowdsourcing and aggregation of noisy human annotations is the typical resort. Aggregating subjective labels, though, may amplify individual biases, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Gabriel Singer , Samuel Gruffaz , Olivier Vo Van , Nicolas Vayatis , Argyris Kalogeratos

One of the primary catalysts fueling advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is the availability of massive, curated datasets. A commonly used technique to curate such massive datasets is crowdsourcing, where data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-04 Shahana Ibrahim , Panagiotis A. Traganitis , Xiao Fu , Georgios B. Giannakis

Large-scale labeled dataset is the indispensable fuel that ignites the AI revolution as we see today. Most such datasets are constructed using crowdsourcing services such as Amazon Mechanical Turk which provides noisy labels from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Chong Liu , Yu-Xiang Wang

Crowdsourcing provides an efficient label collection schema for supervised machine learning. However, to control annotation cost, each instance in the crowdsourced data is typically annotated by a small number of annotators. This creates a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Zhendong Chu , Hongning Wang

The predictive performance of supervised learning algorithms depends on the quality of labels. In a typical label collection process, multiple annotators provide subjective noisy estimates of the "truth" under the influence of their varying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Ryutaro Tanno , Ardavan Saeedi , Swami Sankaranarayanan , Daniel C. Alexander , Nathan Silberman

The unprecedented demand for large amount of data has catalyzed the trend of combining human insights with machine learning techniques, which facilitate the use of crowdsourcing to enlist label information both effectively and efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-26 Yao Zhou , Jingrui He

Learning from crowds describes that the annotations of training data are obtained with crowd-sourcing services. Multiple annotators each complete their own small part of the annotations, where labeling mistakes that depend on annotators…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Shikun Li , Xiaobo Xia , Jiankang Deng , Shiming Ge , Tongliang Liu

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Crowdsourcing has become very popular among the machine learning community as a way to obtain labels that allow a ground truth to be estimated for a given dataset. In most of the approaches that use crowdsourced labels, annotators are asked…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-09 Iker Beñaran-Muñoz , Jerónimo Hernández-González , Aritz Pérez

Recently, there has been a burst in the number of research projects on human computation via crowdsourcing. Multiple choice (or labeling) questions could be referred to as a common type of problem which is solved by this approach. As an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-09-04 Jafar Muhammadi , Hamid Reza Rabiee , Abbas Hosseini

Employing multiple workers to label data for machine learning models has become increasingly important in recent years with greater demand to collect huge volumes of labelled data to train complex models while mitigating the risk of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Robert McCluskey , Amir Enshaei , Bashar Awwad Shiekh Hasan

Expertise of annotators has a major role in crowdsourcing based opinion aggregation models. In such frameworks, accuracy and biasness of annotators are occasionally taken as important features and based on them priority of the annotators…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-09-01 Sujoy Chatterjee , Anirban Mukhopadhyay , Malay Bhattacharyya

Typically crowdsourcing-based approaches to gather annotated data use inter-annotator agreement as a measure of quality. However, in many domains, there is ambiguity in the data, as well as a multitude of perspectives of the information…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Anca Dumitrache , Oana Inel , Lora Aroyo , Benjamin Timmermans , Chris Welty

Current methods for sequence tagging, a core task in NLP, are data hungry, which motivates the use of crowdsourcing as a cheap way to obtain labelled data. However, annotators are often unreliable and current aggregation methods cannot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Edwin Simpson , Iryna Gurevych

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a popular approach for collecting annotated data to train supervised machine learning models. However, annotator bias can lead to defective annotations. Though there are a few works investigating individual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Haochen Liu , Joseph Thekinen , Sinem Mollaoglu , Da Tang , Ji Yang , Youlong Cheng , Hui Liu , Jiliang Tang

As the size of the datasets getting larger, accurately annotating such datasets is becoming more impractical due to the expensiveness on both time and economy. Therefore, crowd-sourcing has been widely adopted to alleviate the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Hansong Zhang , Shikun Li , Dan Zeng , Chenggang Yan , Shiming Ge

Supervised machine learning assumes that labeled data provide accurate measurements of the concepts models are meant to learn. Yet in practice, human labeling introduces systematic variation arising from ambiguous items, divergent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Robert Chew , Stephanie Eckman , Christoph Kern , Frauke Kreuter