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In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the laws of physics. In practice, however, the imperfections of realistic devices might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-01 Feihu Xu , Xiongfeng Ma , Qiang Zhang , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Jian-Wei Pan

In the recent decade, it has been discovered that QKD systems are extremely vulnerable to side-channel attacks. In particular, by exploiting the internal working knowledge of practical detectors, it is possible to bring them to an operating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-02 Charles Ci Wen Lim , Nino Walenta , Matthieu Legre , Nicolas Gisin , Hugo Zbinden

Continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) offers information-theoretic secure key sharing between two parties. The sharing of a phase reference frame is an essential requirement for coherent detection in CV-QKD. Due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Sebastian Kish , Eduardo Villaseñor , Robert Malaney , Kerry Mudge , Kenneth Grant

In real-life implementations of quantum key distribution (QKD), the physical systems with unwanted imperfections would be exploited by an eavesdropper. Based on imperfections in the detectors, detector control attacks have been successfully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-25 Yong-Jun Qian , De-Yong He , Shuang Wang , Wei Chen , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Guang-Can Guo , Zheng-Fu Han

Many papers proved the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) system, in the asymptotic framework. The degree of the security has not been discussed in the finite coding-length framework, sufficiently. However, to guarantee any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Masahito Hayashi

While ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are well-understood, practical implementations face various vulnerabilities, such as side-channel attacks resulting from device imperfections. Current security proofs for decoy-state BB84…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Jerome Wiesemann , Fadri Grünenfelder , Ana Blázquez , Nino Walenta , Davide Rusca

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a pivotal technology in the quest for secure communication, harnessing the power of quantum mechanics to ensure robust data protection. However, scaling QKD to meet the demands of high-speed, real-world…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-13 Hasan Abbas Al-Mohammed , Saif Al-Kuwari , Hashir Kuniyil , Ahmed Farouk

We address continuous variable quantum key distribution (QKD) in non-Markovian lossy channels and show how the non-Markovian features may be exploited to enhance security and/or to detect the presence and the position of an eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Ruggero Vasile , Stefano Olivares , Matteo G A Paris , Sabrina Maniscalco

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses quantum mechanical principles to enable secure key exchange. Practical deployment of QKD requires robust, cost-effective systems that can operate in challenging field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Rui Guan , Jingchun Yu , Zhaoyun Li , Hongbo Xie , Yuxing Wei , Sen Li , Jing Wen , Xiaodong Liang , Yanwei Li , Kejin Wei

We present security proofs for a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on encoding in finite high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This protocol is an extension of Bennett's and Brassard's basic protocol from two bases, two state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mohamed Bourennane , Anders Karlsson , Gunnar Bjork , Nicolas Gisin , Nicolas Cerf

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) provides unconditional security; however, its practical implementations are susceptible to exploitable vulnerabilities. This investigation tackles the constraints in practical QKD implementations…

Due to its ability to tolerate high channel loss, decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) has been one of the main focuses within the QKD community. Notably, several experimental groups have demonstrated that it is secure and feasible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-12 Charles Ci Wen Lim , Marcos Curty , Nino Walenta , Feihu Xu , Hugo Zbinden

Reconciliation is a mechanism allowing to weed out the discrepancies between two correlated variables. It has great role in every Quantum Key Distribution protocol where the key has to be transmitted through a noisy channel or as in our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Nedra Benletaief , Houria Rezig , Ammar Bouallegue

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) leverages nonlocal correlations to establish cryptographic keys between two honest parties while making minimal assumptions about the underlying systems. The security of DI-QKD is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Pritam Roy , Souradeep Sasmal , Subhankar Bera , Shashank Gupta , Arup Roy , A. S. Majumdar

We show that partially trusting the phase noise associated with estimation uncertainty in a LLO CVQKD system allows one to exchange higher secure key rates than in the case of untrusted phase noise. However, this opens a security loophole…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-11 Shengjun Ren , Rupesh Kumar , Adrian Wonfor , Xinke Tang , Richard Penty , Ian White

Many quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols require random choice of measurement basis for each pulse or each train of pulses. In some QKD protocols, such as the Round-Robin Differential Phase Shift (RRDPS) QKD protocol, this requirement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-18 Toshihiko Sasaki , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Masato Koashi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) permits information-theoretically secure transmission of digital encryption keys, assuming that the behaviour of the devices employed for the key exchange can be reliably modelled and predicted. Remarkably, no…

Secure communication over long distances is one of the major problems of modern informatics. Classical transmissions are recognized to be vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. Remarkably, the same quantum mechanics that engenders quantum…

Quantum Cryptography or Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique that allows the secure distribution of a bit string, used as key in cryptographic protocols. When it was noted that quantum computers could break public key cryptosystems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2010-07-15 Mohamed Elboukhari , Mostafa Azizi , Abdelmalek Azizi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols aim at allowing two parties to generate a secret shared key. While many QKD protocols have been proven unconditionally secure in theory, practical security analyses of experimental QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-04 Michel Boyer , Gilles Brassard , Nicolas Godbout , Rotem Liss , Stéphane Virally