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We present the second-order expression for the observed redshift, accounting for all the relativistic effects from the light propagation and from the frame change at the observer and the source positions. We derive the generic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-26 Giuseppe Fanizza , Jaiyul Yoo , Sang Gyu Biern

Statistical invariance of Wiener increments under SO(n) rotations provides a notion of gauge transformation of state-dependent Brownian motion. We show that the stochastic dynamics of non gauge-invariant systems is not unambiguously…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-09-06 Matteo Polettini

We discuss theoretical and phenomenological aspects of the use of boson propagators with energy-dependent widths in predictions for high-energy scattering processes. In general, gauge invariance is violated in such calculations. We discuss…

We present a new analytic approach to describe large scale structure formation in the mildly non-linear regime. The central object of the method is the time-dependent probability distribution function generating correlators of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-09 Diego Blas , Mathias Garny , Mikhail M. Ivanov , Sergey Sibiryakov

The transport equations for polarized radiation transfer in non-Riemannian, Weyl-Cartan type space-times are derived, with the effects of both torsion and non-metricity included. To obtain the basic propagation equations we use the tangent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 K. S. Cheng , T. Harko , X. Y. Wang

A stationary distribution function that describes the entire processes of propagation of relativistic particles, including the transition between the ballistic and diffusion regimes, is obtained. The spacial component of the constructed…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-10-14 A. Y. Prosekin , S. R. Kelner , F. A. Aharonian

A recent construction of the electroweak theory, based on perturbative quantum gauge invariance alone, is extended to the case of more generations of fermions with arbitrary mixing. The conditions implied by second order gauge invariance…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 Andreas Aste , Michael Dütsch , Günter Scharf

In studying temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background Weinberg has noted that some ease of calculation and insight can be achieved by looking at the structure of the perturbed light cone on which the perturbed photons…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-19 Asanka Amarasinghe , Philip D. Mannheim

We discuss the gauge parameter dependence of particle spectra in statistical quantum electrodynamics and conclude that the electron spectrum is gauge-parameter dependent. The physical spectrum being obtained in the Landau gauge, which leads…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2016-08-15 D. Oliva Agüero , H. Pérez Rojas , A. Pérez Martínez , A. Amézaga Hechavarría

We study the 2nd-order scalar, vector and tensor metric perturbations in Robertson-Walker (RW) spacetime in synchronous coordinates during the radiation dominated (RD) stage. The dominant radiation is modeled by a relativistic fluid…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-02-05 Bo Wang , Yang Zhang

The existence of two stationary solutions of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation for inelastic hard spheres or disks is investigated. They are restricted neither to weak dissipation nor to small gradients. The one-particle distribution…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2013-05-06 J. Javier Brey , N. Khalil , M. J. Ruiz-Montero

Gauge-invariant Wigner theory describes the quantum-mechanical evolution of charged particles in the presence of an electromagnetic field in phase space, which is spanned by position and kinetic momentum. This approach is independent of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-16 Clemens Etl , Mauro Ballicchia , Mihail Nedjalkov , Hans Kosina

We discuss cosmological perturbation theory at third order, deriving the gauge transformation rules for metric and matter perturbations, and constructing third order gauge invariant quantities. We present the Einstein tensor components, the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Adam J. Christopherson , Karim A. Malik

The Boltzmann equation without an angular cutoff is considered when the initial data is a small perturbation of a global Maxwellian with an algebraic decay in the velocity variable. A well-posedness theory in the perturbative framework is…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-01-08 Ricardo Alonso , Yoshinori Morimoto , Weiran Sun , Tong Yang

The Boltzmann equation has been a driving force behind significant mathematical research over the years. Its challenging theoretical complexity, combined with a wide variety of current scientific and technological problems that require…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Liliane Basso Barichello

Higher regularity estimate has been a challenging question for the Boltzmann equation in bounded domains. Indeed, it is well-known to have "the non-existence of a second order derivative at the boundary" in [15] even for symmetric convex…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-03-29 Hongxu Chen , Chanwoo Kim

We derive the gauge invariant perturbation equations for a 5-dimensional bulk spacetime in the presence of a brane. The equations are derived in full generality, without specifying a particular energy content of the bulk or the brane. We do…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Alain Riazuelo , Filippo Vernizzi , Danièle Steer , Ruth Durrer

We study the perturbations up to the 2nd-order for a power-law inflation driven by a scalar field in synchronous coordinates. We present the 1st-order solutions, and analytically solve the 2nd-order perturbed Einstein equation and scalar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-14 Bo Wang , Yang Zhang

We present a derivation of a Boltzmann equation for the QCD plasma, starting from the quantum field equations. The derivation is based on a gauge covariant gradient expansion which takes consistently into account all possible dependences on…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 Jean-Paul Blaizot , Edmond Iancu

In this paper, we formulate a generalised photon Boltzmann hierarchy that allows us to model the evolution and creation of spectral distortion anisotropies in the early Universe. We directly build on our first paper in this series,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-28 Jens Chluba , Andrea Ravenni , Thomas Kite