Related papers: Designing the W3C Open Annotation Data Model
Treebank formats and associated software tools are proliferating rapidly, with little consideration for interoperability. We survey a wide variety of treebank structures and operations, and show how they can be mapped onto the annotation…
A variety of schemas and ontologies are currently used for the machine-readable description of bibliographic entities and citations. This diversity, and the reuse of the same ontology terms with different nuances, generates inconsistencies…
The chapter reviews the syntax to store machine-readable annotations and describes the mapping between rule-based modelling entities (e.g., agents and rules) and these annotations. In particular, we review an annotation framework and the…
A key type of resource needed to address global inequalities in knowledge production and dissemination is a tool that can support journals in understanding how knowledge circulates. The absence of such a tool has resulted in comparatively…
OpenCitations is an independent not-for-profit infrastructure organization for open scholarship dedicated to the publication of open bibliographic and citation data by the use of Semantic Web (Linked Data) technologies. OpenCitations…
Nowadays, the need for system interoperability in or across enterprises has become more and more ubiquitous. Lots of research works have been carried out in the information exchange, transformation, discovery and reuse. One of the main…
This paper introduces a novel annotation framework for the fine-grained modeling of Noun Phrases' (NPs) genericity in natural language. The framework is designed to be simple and intuitive, making it accessible to non-expert annotators and…
Relational data model defines a specification of a type "relation". However, its simplicity does not mean that the system implementing this model must operate with structures having the same simplicity. We consider two principles allowing…
Humans do not make inferences over texts, but over models of what texts are about. When annotators are asked to annotate coreferent spans of text, it is therefore a somewhat unnatural task. This paper presents an alternative in which we…
OpenCitations is an infrastructure organization for open scholarship dedicated to the publication of open citation data as Linked Open Data using Semantic Web technologies, thereby providing a disruptive alternative to traditional…
Data annotation is an important and necessary task for all NLP applications. Designing and implementing a web-based application that enables many annotators to annotate and enter their input into one central database is not a trivial task.…
The goal of this paper is to show that generalizing the notion of frequent patterns can be useful in extending association analysis to more complex higher order patterns. To that end, we describe a general framework for modeling a complex…
Information integration applications, such as mediators or mashups, that require access to information resources currently rely on users manually discovering and integrating them in the application. Manual resource discovery is a slow…
This document, based on feedback from UMR TETIS members and the scientific literature, provides a generic methodology for creating annotation guidelines and annotated textual datasets (corpora). It covers methodological aspects, as well as…
With a strong motivational background in search engine optimization the amount of structured data on the web is growing rapidly. The main search engine providers are promising great increase in visibility through annotation of the web…
This is the annotation manual for Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA; Abend and Rappoport, 2013), specifically the Foundational Layer. UCCA is a graph-based semantic annotation scheme based on typological linguistic principles.…
Creating linguistic annotations requires more than just a reliable annotation scheme. Annotation can be a complex endeavour potentially involving many people, stages, and tools. This chapter outlines the process of creating end-to-end…
In functional programming languages, the classic form of annotation is a single type constraint on a term. Intersection types add complications: a single term may have to be checked several times against different types, in different…
Context-aware applications process context information to support users in their daily tasks and routines. These applications can adapt their functionalities by aggregating context information through machine-learning and data processing…
It is widely recognized that the proliferation of annotation schemes runs counter to the need to re-use language resources, and that standards for linguistic annotation are becoming increasingly mandatory. To answer this need, we have…