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The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is often taught in undergraduate courses on algorithmic bioinformatics, because it underlies the FM-index and thus important tools such as Bowtie and BWA. Its admirers consider the BWT a thing of beauty…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Travis Gagie , Giovanni Manzini , Marinella Sciortino

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a word transformation introduced in 1994 for Data Compression. It has become a fundamental tool for designing self-indexing data structures, with important applications in several area in science and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Antonio Restivo , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

In this paper we show how to use one or more assembled or partially assembled genome as the basis for a compressed full-text index of its readset. Specifically, we build a labelled tree by taking the assembled genome as a trunk and grafting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Travis Gagie , Garance Gourdel , Giovanni Manzini

When building Burrows-Wheeler Transforms (BWTs) of truly huge datasets, prefix-free parsing (PFP) can use an unreasonable amount of memory. In this paper we show how if a dataset can be broken down into small datasets that are not very…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Diego Diaz-Dominguez , Travis Gagie , Veronica Guerrini , Ben Langmead , Zsuzsanna Liptak , Giovanni Manzini , Francesco Masillo , Vikram Shivakumar

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is among the most influential discoveries in text compression and DNA storage. It is a reversible preprocessing step that rearranges an $n$-letter string into runs of identical characters (by exploiting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-12-06 Sandip Sinha , Omri Weinstein

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a permutation whose applications are prevalent in data compression and text indexing. The bijective BWT (BBWT) is a bijective variant of it. Although it is known that the BWT can be constructed in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Hideo Bannai , Juha Kärkkäinen , Dominik Köppl , Marcin Picatkowski

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an invertible text transformation that permutes symbols of a text according to the lexicographical order of its suffixes. BWT is the main component of popular lossless compression programs (such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Dominik Kempa , Tomasz Kociumaka

We present a new semi-external algorithm that builds the Burrows--Wheeler transform variant of Bauer et al. (a.k.a., BCR BWT) in linear expected time. Our method uses compression techniques to reduce computational costs when the input is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Diego Díaz-Domínguez , Gonzalo Navarro

High-throughput DNA sequencers are becoming indispensable in our understanding of diseases at molecular level, in marker-assisted selection in agriculture and in microbial genetics research. These sequencing instruments produce enormous…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2014-02-05 Saurabh Gupta , Sanjoy Chaudhury 'and' Binay Panda

The Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) is a reversible transform that converts a string $w$ into another string $\mathsf{BWT}(w)$. The size of the run-length encoded BWT (RLBWT) can be interpreted as a measure of repetitiveness in the class of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Hideo Bannai , Tomohiro I , Yuto Nakashima

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is a fundamental component in many data structures for text indexing and compression, widely used in areas such as bioinformatics and information retrieval. The extended BWT (eBWT) generalizes the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Florian Ingels , Anaïs Denis , Bastien Cazaux

We present an algorithm for building the extended BWT (eBWT) of a string collection from its grammar-compressed representation. Our technique exploits the string repetitions captured by the grammar to boost the computation of the eBWT.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-10 Diego Diaz-Dominguez annd Gonzalo Navarro

The Burrows-Wheeler-Transform (BWT), a reversible string transformation, is one of the fundamental components of many current data structures in string processing. It is central in data compression, as well as in efficient query algorithms…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Sara Giuliani , Shunsuke Inenaga , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Nicola Prezza , Marinella Sciortino , Anna Toffanello

Motivation: Rapid technological progress in DNA sequencing has stimulated interest in compressing the vast datasets that are now routinely produced. Relatively little attention has been paid to compressing the quality scores that are…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2013-05-02 Lilian Janin , Giovanna Rosone , Anthony J. Cox

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an important technique both in data compression and in the design of compact indexing data structures. It has been generalized from single strings to collections of strings and some classes of labeled…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Jarno Alanko , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Louisa Seelbach Benkner

Summary: BWA-MEM is a new alignment algorithm for aligning sequence reads or long query sequences against a large reference genome such as human. It automatically chooses between local and end-to-end alignments, supports paired-end reads…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2013-05-28 Heng Li

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform is a string transformation that plays a fundamental role for the design of self-indexing compressed data structures. Over the years, researchers have successfully extended this transformation outside the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Raffaele Giancarlo , Giovanni Manzini , Giovanna Rosone , Marinella Sciortino

High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to explosive growth of genomic databases; one of which will soon reach hundreds of terabytes. For many applications we want to build and store indexes of these databases but constructing such…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Christina Boucher , Travis Gagie , Alan Kuhnle , Ben Langmead , Giovanni Manzini , Taher Mun

The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) of a string is an invertible permutation of the string, which can be used for data compression and compact indexes for string pattern matching. Ganguly et al. [SODA, 2017] introduced the parameterized BWT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Shogen Kawanami , Kento Iseri , Tomohiro I

In this paper we propose a flexible and lightweight technique for merging compressed indices based on variants of Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), thus addressing the need for algorithms that compute compressed indices over large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Lavinia Egidi , Giovanni Manzini