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Fault-tolerant, error-corrected quantum computation is commonly acknowledged to be crucial to the realisation of large-scale quantum algorithms that could lead to extremely impactful scientific or commercial results. Achieving a universal…

Scalable quantum computation in realistic devices requires that precise control can be implemented efficiently in the presence of decoherence and operational errors. We propose a general constructive procedure for designing robust unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-21 Kaveh Khodjasteh , Lorenza Viola

It has been known that quantum error correction via concatenated codes can be done with exponentially small failure rate if the error rate for physical qubits is below a certain accuracy threshold. Other, unconcatenated codes with their own…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 Eric Dennis

We propose a scheme for the fault-tolerant implementation of arbitrary Clifford circuits. To achieve this, we extend previous work on flag gadgets for syndrome extraction to a general framework that flags any Clifford circuit. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Benjamin Anker , Milad Marvian

We provide a simplified, yet rigorous presentation of the ideas from Bomb\'{i}n's paper "Gauge Color Codes" [arXiv:1311.0879v3]. Our presentation is self-contained, and assumes only basic concepts from quantum error correction. We provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-08 Aleksander Kubica , Michael E. Beverland

Fault-tolerant logic gates will consume a large proportion of the resources of a two-dimensional quantum computing architecture. Here we show how to perform a fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate with the surface code; a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Benjamin J. Brown

Topological measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) enables one to carry out universal fault-tolerant quantum computation via single-qubit Pauli measurements with a family of large entangled states called cluster states as resources.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-06 Seok-Hyung Lee , Hyunseok Jeong

A fundamental problem in fault-tolerant quantum computation is the tradeoff between universality and dimensionality, exemplified by the the Bravyi-K\"onig bound for $n$-dimensional topological stabilizer codes. In this work, we extend…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Ryohei Kobayashi , Guanyu Zhu , Po-Shen Hsin

We present a comprehensive architectural analysis for a proposed fault-tolerant quantum computer based on cat codes concatenated with outer quantum error-correcting codes. For the physical hardware, we propose a system of acoustic…

A single-shot Toffoli, or controlled-controlled-NOT, gate is desirable for classical and quantum information processing. The Toffoli gate alone is universal for reversible computing and, accompanied by the Hadamard gate, forms a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-21 Ehsan Zahedinejad , Joydip Ghosh , Barry C. Sanders

We present several different codes and protocols to distill $T$, controlled-$S$, and Toffoli (or $CCZ$) gates. One construction is based on codes that generalize the triorthogonal codes, allowing any of these gates to be induced at the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-21 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings

Transversal gates on quantum error correction codes have been a promising approach for fault-tolerant quantum computing, but are limited by the Eastin-Knill no-go theorem. Existing solutions like gate teleportation and magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Yingkai Ouyang , Yumang Jing , Gavin K. Brennen

In leading fault-tolerant quantum computing schemes, accurate transformation are obtained by a two-stage process. In a first stage, a discrete, universal set of fault-tolerant operations is obtained by error-correcting noisy transformations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-22 Guillaume Duclos-Cianci , David Poulin

Continuous-variable (CV) systems have shown remarkable potential for quantum computation, particularly excelling in scalability and error correction through bosonic encoding. Within this framework, the foundational notion of computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Sheron Blair , Francesco Arzani , Giulia Ferrini , Alessandro Ferraro

A long-standing open problem in fault-tolerant quantum computation has been to find a universal set of transversal gates. As three of us proved in arXiv: 0706.1382, such a set does not exist for binary stabilizer codes. Here we generalize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-18 Xie Chen , Hyeyoun Chung , Andrew W. Cross , Bei Zeng , Isaac L. Chuang

Universal quantum computation requires the implementation of a logical non-Clifford gate. In this paper, we characterize all stabilizer codes whose code subspaces are preserved under physical $T$ and $T^{-1}$ gates. For example, this could…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Michael Newman , Henry D. Pfister

The standard approach to fault-tolerant quantum computation is to store information in a quantum error correction code, such as the surface code, and process information using a strategy that can be summarized as distill-then-synthesize. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Earl T. Campbell , Mark Howard

Transversality is a simple and effective method for implementing quantum computation fault-tolerantly. However, no quantum error-correcting code (QECC) can transversally implement a quantum universal gate set (Eastin and Knill, Phys. Rev.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-10 Michael Newman , Yaoyun Shi

Error correcting codes protect quantum information and form the basis of fault tolerant quantum computing. Leading proposals for fault-tolerant quantum computation require codes with an exceedingly rare property, a transverse non-Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-12 Earl T. Campbell

Code-switching offers a route to universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation by circumventing the limitation implied by the Eastin-Knill theorem against a universal transversal gate set within a single quantum code. Here, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Shixin Wu , Dawei Zhong , Todd A. Brun , Daniel A. Lidar