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The two statistical methods, namely the frequentist and the Bayesian methods, are both commonly used for probabilistic inference in many scientific situations. However, it is not straightforward to interpret the result of one approach in…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2023-09-01 Alan H. Guth , Mohammad Hossein Namjoo

We consider a nonparametric Bayesian approach to estimation and testing for a multivariate monotone density. Instead of following the conventional Bayesian route of putting a prior distribution complying with the monotonicity restriction,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-09 Kang Wang , Subhashis Ghosal

The stability rule for belief, advocated by Leitgeb [Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 164, 2013], is a rule for rational acceptance that captures categorical belief in terms of $\textit{probabilistically stable propositions}$: propositions…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Krzysztof Mierzewski

The rigorous evaluation of the novelty of a scientific paper is, even for human scientists, a challenging task. With the increasing interest in AI scientists and AI involvement in scientific idea generation and paper writing, it also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Miri Liu , ChengXiang Zhai

Analysis of credibility is a reverse-Bayes technique that has been proposed by Matthews (2001) to overcome some of the shortcomings of significance tests. A significant result is deemed credible if current knowledge about the effect size is…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-11 Leonhard Held

We present a general, consistency-based framework for belief change. Informally, in revising K by A, we begin with A and incorporate as much of K as consistently possible. Formally, a knowledge base K and sentence A are expressed, via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 James Delgrande , Torsten Schaub

The purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical theory that can be used as a foundation for statistics that include improper priors. This theory includes improper laws in the initial axioms and has in particular Bayes theorem as a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Gunnar Taraldsen , Bo H. Lindqvist

Large language models (LLMs) that iteratively revise their outputs through mechanisms such as chain-of-thought reasoning, self-reflection, or multi-agent debate lack principled guarantees regarding the stability of their probability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Mike Farmer , Abhinav Kochar , Yugyung Lee

A principle is modified that underlies the theory of organic fiducial inference as this theory was presented in an earlier paper. This modification, which is arguably a natural one to make, allows Bayesian inference to sometimes have a…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2021-11-18 Russell J. Bowater

In action domains where agents may have erroneous beliefs, reasoning about the effects of actions involves reasoning about belief change. In this paper, we use a transition system approach to reason about the evolution of an agents beliefs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Aaron Hunter , James P. Delgrande

Order effects occur when judgments about a hypothesis's probability given a sequence of information do not equal the probability of the same hypothesis when the information is reversed. Different experiments have been performed in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Catarina Moreira , Jose Acacio de Barros

When a mathematical or computational model is used to analyse some system, it is usual that some parameters resp.\ functions or fields in the model are not known, and hence uncertain. These parametric quantities are then identified by…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-07-01 Hermann G. Matthies , Elmar Zander , Bojana Rosic , Alexander Litvinenko

What is information? Is it physical? We argue that in a Bayesian theory the notion of information must be defined in terms of its effects on the beliefs of rational agents. Information is whatever constrains rational beliefs and therefore…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-09-08 Ariel Caticha

We introduce a robust belief-based measure of complexity. The idea is that task A is deemed more complex than task B if the probability of solving A correctly is smaller than the probability of solving B correctly regardless of the reward.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-01-17 Egor Bronnikov , Elias Tsakas

Subjective probability is based on the intuitive idea that probability quantifies the degree of belief that an event will occur. A probability theory based on this idea represents the most general framework for handling uncertainty. A brief…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-10-31 G. D'Agostini

In the theory of belief functions, many measures of uncertainty have been introduced. However, it is not always easy to understand what these measures really try to represent. In this paper, we re-interpret some measures of uncertainty in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-19 Florentin Smarandache , Arnaud Martin , Christophe Osswald

We present a model for studying communities of epistemically interacting agents who update their belief states by averaging (in a specified way) the belief states of other agents in the community. The agents in our model have a rich belief…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-05-15 Sylvia Wenmackers , Danny E. P. Vanpoucke , Igor Douven

In a series of papers, a many-minds interpretation of quantum theory has been developed. The aim in these papers is to present an explicit mathematical formalism which constitutes a complete theory compatible with relativistic quantum field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Matthew J. Donald

Quantum theory can be viewed as a generalization of classical probability theory, but the analogy as it has been developed so far is not complete. Whereas the manner in which inferences are made in classical probability theory is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-04 M. S. Leifer , R. W. Spekkens

While a large body of work has scrutinized the meaning of conditional sentences, considerably less attention has been paid to formal models of their pragmatic use and interpretation. Here, we take a probabilistic approach to pragmatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Britta Grusdt , Daniel Lassiter , Michael Franke