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Owing to its fundamental principles, quantum theory holds the promise to enhance the security of modern cryptography, from message encryption to anonymous communication, digital signatures, online banking, leader election, one-time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Mathieu Bozzio , Claude Crépeau , Petros Wallden , Philip Walther

Floodlight quantum key distribution (FL-QKD) is a radically different QKD paradigm that can achieve Gbit/s secret-key rates over metropolitan area distances without multiplexing [Phys. Rev. A 94, 012322 (2016)]. It is a two-way protocol…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Zheshen Zhang , Quntao Zhuang , Franco N. C. Wong , Jeffrey H. Shapiro

We report on the first real-time implementation of a quantum key distribution (QKD) system using entangled photon pairs that are sent over two free-space optical telescope links. The entangled photon pairs are produced with a type-II…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-25 C. Erven , C. Couteau , R. Laflamme , G. Weihs

The original two-way continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution (CV QKD) protocols [S. Pirandola, S. Mancini, S. Lloyd, and S. L. Braunstein, Nature Physics 4, 726 (2008)] give the security against the collective attack on the condition…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-16 Maozhu Sun , Xiang Peng , Yujie Shen , Hong Guo

We propose a schematic setup of quantum key distribution (QKD) with an improved secret key rate based on high-dimensional quantum states. Two degrees-of-freedom of a single photon, orbital angular momentum modes, and multi-path modes, are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Yonggi Jo , Hee Su Park , Seung-Woo Lee , Wonmin Son

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a concept of secret key exchange supported by fundamentals of quantum physics. Its perfect realization offers unconditional key security, however, known practical schemes are potentially vulnerable if the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-18 I. V. Radchenko , K. S. Kravtsov , S. P. Kulik , S. N. Molotkov

We establish a security proof of frequency-time coding quantum key distribution (FT-QKD) protocol by showing its connection to the squeezed state quantum key distribution protocol, which has been proven to be unconditionally secure. We also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Bing Qi

The security of measurement device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI QKD) relies on a thorough characterization of one's optical source output, especially any noise in the state preparation process. Here, we provide an extension of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 J. Eli Bourassa , Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) supports the negotiation and sharing of private keys with unconditional security between authorized parties. Over the years, theoretical advances and experimental demonstrations have successfully transitioned…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Haoran Zhang , Haotao Zhu , Ruihua He , Yan Zhang , Chao Ding , Lajos Hanzo , Weibo Gao

We present a detailed description of a widely applicable mathematical model for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems implementing the measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol. The model is tested by comparing its predictions with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-22 Philip Chan , Joshua A. Slater , Itzel Lucio-Martinez , Allison Rubenok , Wolfgang Tittel

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new scheme for measuring high-dimensional phase states using a two-photon interference technique, which we refer to as quantum-controlled measurement. Using this scheme, we implement a…

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) elevates the secure key rate from a linear to a square-root dependence on channel loss while preserving measurement-device-independent security. This protocol is uniquely positioned to enable…

For secure practical systems, quantum key distribution (QKD) must provide high key rates over long distances. Time-entanglement-based QKD promises to increase the secret key rate and distribution distances compared to other QKD…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Lara Dolecek , Emina Soljanin

The best qubit one-way quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol can tolerate up to 14.1% in the error rate. It has been shown how this rate can be increased by using larger quantum systems. The polarization state of a biphoton can encode a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 I. Bregman , D. Aharonov , M. Ben-Or , H. S. Eisenberg

Decoy state quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proposed as a novel approach to improve dramatically both the security and the performance of practical QKD set-ups. Recently, many theoretical efforts have been made on this topic and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-17 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Xiongfeng Ma , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Li Qian

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol has been demonstrated as a viable solution to detector side-channel attacks. One of the main advantages of MDI-QKD is that the security can be proved without making…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-14 Bing Qi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is theoretically secure using the principle of quantum mechanics; therefore, QKD is a promising solution for the future of secure communication. Although several experimental demonstrations of QKD have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Chunfeng Huang , Ye Chen , Long Jin , Minming Geng , Junwei Wang , Zhenrong Zhang , Kejin Wei

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) enables information-theoretically secure key exchange between remote parties without any assumptions on the internal workings of the devices used for its implementation. However, its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Makoto Ishihara , Anthony Brendan , Wojciech Roga , Ulrik L. Andersen , Masahiro Takeoka

We consider a subcarrier wave quantum key distribution (QKD) system, where the quantum en- coding is carried by weak sidebands generated to a coherent optical beam by means of an electrooptic phase modulation. We study the security of two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-25 A. V. Kozubov , A. A. Gaidash , A. V. Gleim , G. P. Miroshnichenko , D. B. Horoshko

Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on single photon sources (SPSs), e.g. from solid-state systems, as flying qubits, where security strongly requires sub-Poissonian photon statistics with low second-order correlation values…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Chanaprom Cholsuk , Furkan Ağlarcı , Daniel K. L. Oi , Serkan Ateş , Tobias Vogl