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We review recent advances in the analytical and numerical modeling of the star formation rate in molecular clouds and discuss the available observational constraints. We focus on molecular clouds as the fundamental star formation sites,…

We investigate the triggering of star formation and the formation of stellar clusters in molecular clouds that form as the ISM passes through spiral shocks. The spiral shock compresses gas into $\sim$100 pc long main star formation ridge,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-10-13 R. Smilgys , I. A. Bonnell

On average molecular clouds convert only a small fraction epsilon_ff of their mass into stars per free-fall time, but differing star formation theories make contrasting claims for how this low mean efficiency is achieved. To test these…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-02-09 Zipeng Hu , Mark R. Krumholz , Riwaj Pokhrel , Robert A. Gutermuth

We present the fourth in a series of papers detailing our SPH study of the effects of ionizing feedback from O--type stars on turbulent star forming clouds. Here, we study the effects of photoionization on a series of initially partially…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-12 J. E. Dale , B. Ercolano , I. A. Bonnell

During the last two decades, the focus of star formation research has shifted from understanding the collapse of a single dense core into a star to studying the formation hundreds to thousands of stars in molecular clouds. In this chapter,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-01-04 S. T. Megeath , Zhi-Yun Li , Aake Nordlund

The star-forming ability of a molecular cloud depends on the fraction of gas it can cycle into the dense-phase. Consequently, one of the crucial questions in reconciling star-formation in clouds is to understand the factors that control…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-12-20 S. Anathpindika , A. Burkert , R. Kuiper

We study the role of star formation and stellar feedback in a galaxy being ram pressure stripped on its infall into a cluster. We use hydrodynamical wind-tunnel simulations of a massive galaxy ($M_\text{star} = 10^{11} M_\odot$) moving into…

Understanding star formation is problematic as it originates in the large scale dynamics of a galaxy but occurs on the small scale of an individual star forming event. This paper presents the first numerical simulations to resolve the star…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-12 Ian A. Bonnell , Clare L. Dobbs , Rowan J. Smith

In dense molecular clouds collisions between dust grains alter the ISM-dust size distribution. We study this process by inserting the results from detailed numerical simulations of two colliding dust aggregates into a coagulation model that…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. W. Ormel , D. Paszun , C. Dominik , A. G. G. M. Tielens

Feedback from massive stars is believed to play a critical role in driving galactic super-winds that enrich the IGM and shape the galaxy mass function and mass-metallicity relation. In previous papers, we introduced new numerical methods…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2012-06-22 Philip F. Hopkins , Eliot Quataert , Norman Murray

Context. Stellar feedback regulates star formation and shapes the interstellar medium, yet its role during the collapse of molecular clouds remains uncertain over a wide range of initial conditions. Aims. We explore how stellar winds and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-13 S. Jiménez , D. Kománek , R. Wünsch , J. Palouš , S. Ehlerová , S. Martínez-González , A. Srbljanović

Molecular clouds are active sites of star formation in galaxies, and their formation and evolution are largely affected by stellar feedback. This includes outflows and winds from newly formed stars, radiation from young clusters, and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-10 K. R. Neralwar , D. Colombo , S. Offner , A. Karska , M. Figueira , F. Wyrowski , S. Neupane , J. S. Urquhart , A. Duarte-Cabral

Recent zoom-in cosmological simulations have shown that stellar feedback can flatten the inner density profile of the dark matter halo in low-mass galaxies. A correlation between the stellar/gas velocity dispersion ($\sigma_{star}$,…

Context. The impact of stellar feedback on the Kennicutt-Schmidt law (KS law), which relates star formation rate (SFR) to surface gas density, is a topic of ongoing debate. The interpretation of individual cloud observations is challenging…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-12-01 Paolo Suin , Annie Zavagno , Tine Colman , Patrick Hennebelle , Antoine Verliat , Delphine Russeil

We present a new stellar feedback model that reproduces superbubbles. Superbubbles from clustered young stars evolve quite differently to individual supernovae and are substantially more efficient at generating gas motions. The essential…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-07-17 B. W. Keller , J. Wadsley , S. M. Benincasa , H. M. P Couchman

It has been known for more than 30 years that star formation in giant molecular clouds (GMCs) is slow, in the sense that only ~1% of the gas forms stars every free-fall time. This result is entirely independent of any particular model of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Mark R. Krumholz , Jonathan C. Tan

We present a suite of galaxy formation simulations that directly model star cluster formation and disruption. Starting from a model previously developed by our group, here we introduce several improvements to the prescriptions for cluster…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-05-04 Gillen Brown , Oleg Y. Gnedin

Star formation occurs within dusty molecular clouds that are then disrupted by stellar feedback. However, the timing and physical mechanisms that govern the transition from deeply embedded to exposed stars remain uncertain. Using the…

The kinetic energy dissipation rate in the turbulent ISM of disk galaxies is a key ingredient in galaxy evolution models since it determines the effectiveness of large-scale star formation (SF) feedback. Using magneto-hydro-dynamic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Avila-Reese , C. Firmani , E. Vazquez-Semadeni

We describe a numerical implementation of star formation in disk galaxies, in which the conversion of cooling gas to stars in the multiphase interstellar medium is governed by the rate at which molecular clouds are formed and destroyed. In…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 C. M. Booth , T. Theuns , T. Okamoto