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The non-bijective version of Wigner's theorem states that a map which is defined on the set of self-adjoint, rank-one projections (or pure states) of a complex Hilbert space and which preserves the transition probability between any two…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2014-07-03 Gy. P. Gehér

We establish the conditions under which a conservation law associated with a non-invertible operator may be realized as a symmetry in quantum physics. As established by Wigner, all quantum symmetries must be represented by either unitary or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Gerardo Ortiz , Chinmay Giridhar , Philipp Vojta , Andriy H. Nevidomskyy , Zohar Nussinov

The Wigner's theorem, which is one of the cornerstones of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, asserts that every symmetry of quantum system is unitary or anti-unitary. This classical result was first given by Wigner in 1931.…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2018-02-27 Wenhua Qian , Liguang Wang , Wenming Wu , Wei Yuan

Wigner's theorem asserts that an isometric (probability conserving) transformation on a quantum state space must be generated by a Hamiltonian that is Hermitian. It is shown that when the Hermiticity condition on the Hamiltonian is relaxed,…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-09-13 Dorje C. Brody

Wigner's theorem asserts that any symmetry of a quantum system is unitary or antiunitary. In this short note we give two proofs based on the geometry of the Fubini-Study metric.

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-08-01 Daniel S. Freed

In quantum theory, symmetry has to be defined necessarily in terms of the family of unit rays, the state space. The theorem of Wigner asserts that a symmetry so defined at the level of rays can always be lifted into a linear unitary or an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 R. Simon , N. Mukunda , S. Chaturvedi , V. Srinivasan

It $d-$pends. Wigner's symmetry theorem implies that transformations that preserve transition probabilities of pure quantum states are linear maps on the level of density operators. We investigate the stability of this implication. On the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Javier Cuesta , Michael M. Wolf

Wigner's classical theorem on symmetry transformations plays a fundamental role in quantum mechanics. It can be formulated, for example, in the following way: Every bijective transformation on the set L of all 1-dimensional subspaces of a…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2009-10-31 Lajos Molnar

We investigate the relationship between two properties of quantum transformations often studied in popular subtheories of quantum theory: covariance of the Wigner representation of the theory and the existence of a transformation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-08 Lorenzo Catani

Wigner's celebrated theorem, which is particularly important in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, states that every bijective transformation on the set of all rank-one projections of a complex Hilbert space which preserves…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-06-09 György Pál Gehér

A unification of the set of quasiprobability representations using the mathematical theory of frames was recently developed for quantum systems with finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, in which it was proven that such representations require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-10-18 Christopher Ferrie , Ryan Morris , Joseph Emerson

In recent years, the traditional notion of symmetry in quantum theory was expanded to so-called generalised or categorical symmetries, which, unlike ordinary group symmetries, may be non-invertible. This appears to be at odds with Wigner's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Thomas Bartsch , Yuhan Gai , Sakura Schafer-Nameki

This expository note presents a constructive proof of Wigner's theorem using only a few basic facts about Hilbert spaces, such as the existence of orthonormal bases and the Fourier decomposition of a vector. Our proof is based on a proof by…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-08-16 Daniel D. Spiegel

A cornerstone of quantum mechanics is the characterisation of symmetries provided by Wigner's theorem. Wigner's theorem establishes that every symmetry of the quantum state space must be either a unitary transformation, or an antiunitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Giulio Chiribella , Erik Aurell , Karol Życzkowski

It is suspected that the quantum evolution equations describing the micro-world as we know it are of a special kind that allows transformations to a special set of basis states in Hilbert space, such that, in this basis, the evolution is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-30 Gerard t Hooft

The standard postulates of quantum theory can be divided into two groups: the first one characterizes the structure and dynamics of pure states, while the second one specifies the structure of measurements and the corresponding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 Thomas D. Galley , Lluis Masanes

We consider transformation maps on the space of states which are symmetries in the sense of Wigner. Due to the convex nature of the space of states, the set of these maps has a convex structure. We investigate the possibility of a complete…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-11-22 Janusz Grabowski , Marek Kus , Giuseppe Marmo

Wigner's Theorem states that bijections of the set P_1(H) of one-dimensional projections on a Hilbert space H that preserve transition probabilities are induced by either a unitary or an anti-unitary operator on H (which is uniquely…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-08-26 Klaas Landsman , Kitty Rang

The mathematical model of orthodox quantum mechanics has been critically examined and some deficiencies have been summarized. The model based on the extended Hilbert space and free of these shortages has been proposed; parameters being…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-16 Miloš V. Lokajíček

Wigner-positive quantum states have the peculiarity to admit a Wigner function that is a genuine probability distribution over phase space. The Shannon differential entropy of the Wigner function of such states -- called Wigner entropy for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Zacharie Van Herstraeten , Nicolas J. Cerf
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