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The theories of aero- and hydrodynamics predict animal movement and device design in air and water through the computation of lift, drag, and thrust forces. Although models of terrestrial legged locomotion have focused on interactions with…

Biological Physics · Physics 2019-11-04 Chen Li , Tingnan Zhang , Daniel I. Goldman

Locomotion is typically studied either in continuous media where bodies and legs experience forces generated by the flowing medium, or on solid substrates dominated by friction. In the former, centralized coordination is believed to…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-03-29 Baxi Chong , Juntao He , Shengkai Li , Eva Erickson , Kelimar Diaz , Tianyu Wang , Daniel Soto , Daniel I. Goldman

Synthetic bio-molecular spiders with "legs" made of single-stranded segments of DNA can move on a surface covered by single-stranded segments of DNA called substrates when the substrate DNA is complementary to the leg DNA. If the motion of…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Tibor Antal , P. L. Krapivsky

Quadruped robots are often designed with rigid feet to simplify control and maintain stable contact during locomotion. While this approach is straightforward, it limits the ability of the legs to absorb impact forces and reuse stored…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Pramod Pal , Shishir Kolathaya , Ashitava Ghosal

Effective locomotion in nature happens by transitioning across multiple modes (e.g., walk, run, climb). Despite this, far more mechanistic understanding of terrestrial locomotion has been on how to generate and stabilize around…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Ratan Othayoth , George Thoms , Chen Li

Unlike their large-scale counterparts, small-scale robots are largely confined to laboratory environments and are rarely deployed in real-world settings. As robot size decreases, robot-terrain interactions fundamentally change; however,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Duncan Andrews , Landon Zimmerman , Evan Martin , Joe DiGennaro , Baxi Chong

Designing a mechanism to mimic the motion of a common house gecko is the objective of this work. The body of the robot is designed using four five-bar mechanisms (2-RRRRR and 2-RRPRR) and the leg is designed using four four-bar mechanisms.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Rajashekhar V S , Debasish Ghose , Arockia Selvakumar Arockia Doss

Soil-dwelling organisms have evolved diverse strategies for efficient subterranean movement. For example, the seeds of Erodium cicutarium and Pelargonium species employ continuous rotational motion for self-burial, while the angled worm…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-04-08 Yong Tang , Yi Zhong , Julian Tao

Many animals, modern aircraft, and underwater vehicles use streamlined body shapes that reduce fluid dynamic drag to achieve fast and effective locomotion in air and water. Similarly, numerous small terrestrial animals move through…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 Chen Li , Andrew O. Pullin , Duncan W. Haldane , Han K. Lam , Ronald S. Fearing , Robert J. Full

Animals achieve robust locomotion by offloading regulation from the brain to physical couplings within the body. In contrast, locomotion in artificial systems often depends on centralized processors. We introduce a rapid and autonomous…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-05-16 Alberto Comoretto , Harmannus A. H. Schomaker , Johannes T. B. Overvelde

Galloping is a common high-speed gait in both animals and quadrupedal robots, yet its energetic characteristics remain insufficiently explored. This study systematically analyzes a large number of possible galloping gaits by categorizing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yasser G. Alqaham , Jing Cheng , Zhenyu Gan

Snakes can move through almost any terrain. Although their locomotion on flat surfaces using planar gaits is inherently stable, when snakes deform their body out of plane to traverse complex terrain, maintaining stability becomes a…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Qiyuan Fu , Chen Li

Although commonly associated with limbless animals like snakes and fish, multi-legged organisms like centipedes also utilize undulatory locomotion. Whether these undulations are actively reinforced or resisted by the axial musculature…

Biological Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Adam Dionne , Fabio Giardina , L. Mahadevan

Legged locomotion is commonly studied and expressed as a discrete set of gait patterns, like walk, trot, gallop, which are usually treated as given and pre-programmed in legged robots for efficient locomotion at different speeds. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Zipeng Fu , Ashish Kumar , Jitendra Malik , Deepak Pathak

Legged robots have demonstrated high efficiency and effectiveness in unstructured and dynamic environments. However, it is still challenging for legged robots to achieve rapid and efficient locomotion on deformable, yielding substrates,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Xunjie Chen , Aditya Anikode , Jingang Yi , Tao Liu

Human locomotion involves continuously variable activities including walking, running, and stair climbing over a range of speeds and inclinations as well as sit-stand, walk-run, and walk-stairs transitions. Understanding the kinematics and…

Achieving robust legged locomotion on complex terrains poses challenges due to the high uncertainty in robot-environment interactions. Recent advances in bipedal and quadrupedal robots demonstrate good mobility on rugged terrains but rely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Juntao He , Baxi Chong , Jianfeng Lin , Zhaochen Xu , Hosain Bagheri , Esteban Flores , Daniel I. Goldman

Walking is a common bipedal and quadrupedal gait and is often associated with terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Inspired by recent evidence of the neural underpinnings of primitive aquatic walking in the little skate Leucoraja erinacea, we…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-03 F. Giardina , L. Mahadevan

To traverse complex three-dimensional terrainwith large obstacles, animals and robots must transition across different modes. However, the most mechanistic understanding of terrestrial locomotion concerns how to generate and stabilize…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Ratan Othayoth , Qihan Xuan , Yaqing Wang , Chen Li

A distinctive feature of quadrupeds that is integral to their locomotion is the tail. Tails serve many purposes in biological systems including propulsion, counterbalance, and stabilization while walking, running, climbing, or jumping.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Josh Buckley , Yasemin Ozkan-Aydin