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Conventional quantum mechanics with a complex Hilbert space and the Born Rule is derived from five axioms describing properties of probability distributions for the outcome of measurements. Axioms I,II,III are common to quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Daniel I. Fivel

In this tutorial, we present the definition, interpretation and properties of some of the main quasiprobabilities that can describe the statistics of measurement outcomes evaluated at two or more times. Such statistics incorporate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-23 Stefano Gherardini , Gabriele De Chiara

The paper reviews and discusses four ideas scattered in previous papers of the author. First, objective properties of quantum systems are not associated with observables but are defined by preparations. Second, measurable results of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-29 Petr Hajicek

Quantum thermalization describes how closed quantum systems can effectively reach thermal equilibrium, resolving the apparent incongruity between the reversibility of Schr\"odinger's equation and the second law of thermodynamics. Despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Saúl Pilatowsky-Cameo , Soonwon Choi

Quantum measurement is universal for quantum computation. This universality allows alternative schemes to the traditional three-step organisation of quantum computation: initial state preparation, unitary transformation, measurement. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Simon Perdrix , Philippe Jorrand

Measurement in quantum mechanics is generally described as an irreversible process that perturbs the wavefunction describing a quantum system. In this work we establish a formal connection between the measurement description within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-17 Fabio L. Traversa , Guillermo Albareda

Precision metrology underpins scientific and technological advancements. Quantum metrology offers a pathway to surpass classical sensing limits by leveraging quantum states and measurement strategies. However, measuring multiple…

We discuss a quantum-metrology protocol designed to estimate a physical parameter in a Bose-Einstein condensate of N atoms, and we show that the measurement uncertainty can decrease faster than 1/N. The 1/N scaling is usually thought to be…

The aim of this paper is to show a connection between an extended theory of statistical experiments on the one hand and the foundation of quantum theory on the other hand. The main aspects of this extension are: One assumes a hyperparameter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-07-10 Inge S. Helland

Gathering data through measurements is at the basis of every experimental science. Ideally, measurements should be repeatable and, when extracting only coarse-grained data, they should allow the experimenter to retrieve the finer details at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-21 G. Chiribella , X. Yuan

Finding a physically consistent approach to modelling interactions between classical and quantum systems is a highly nontrivial task. While many proposals based on various mathematical formalisms have been made, most of these efforts run…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-05 Marcel Reginatto , Sebastian Ulbricht

The thermodynamics of quantum systems driven out of equilibrium has attracted increasing attention in last the decade, in connection with quantum information and statistical physics, and with a focus on non-classical signatures. While a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Gonzalo Manzano , Roberta Zambrini

Ultimately, any explanation of quantum measurement must be extendable to relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), since many precisely confirmed experimental results follow from quantum field theory (QFT), which is based on RQM. Certainly, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Ed Seidewitz

Quantum measurement is a dynamical process of an apparatus coupled to a test system. Ideal measurement of the $z$-component of a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ ($s_z=\pm\frac{1}{2}$) has been modeled by the Curie-Weiss model for quantum measurement.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Theodorus Maria Nieuwenhuizen

This work will incorporate a few related tools for addressing the conceptual difficulties arising from sewing together classical and quantum mechanics: deterministic operators, weak measurements and post-selection. Weak Measurement, based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-21 Eliahu Cohen , Yakir Aharonov

Projective measurement is used as a fundamental axiom in quantum mechanics, even though it is discontinuous and cannot predict which measured operator eigenstate will be observed in which experimental run. The probabilistic Born rule gives…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-09 Apoorva Patel , Parveen Kumar

A generalized Bloch sphere, in which the states of a quantum entity of arbitrary dimension are geometrically represented, is investigated and further extended, to also incorporate the measurements. This extended representation constitutes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-16 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

A number of issues related to measurement show that self-consistency is lacking in quantum mechanics as this theory has been generally understood. Each issue is presented as a point in this paper. Each point can be resolved by incorporating…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. M. Snyder

In physics we attempt to infer the rules governing a system given only the results of imprecise measurements. This is an ill-posed problem because certain features of the system's state cannot be resolved by the measurements. However, by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-03 Cédric Bény , Tobias J. Osborne

In static classical statistical systems the problem of information transport from a boundary to the bulk finds a simple description in terms of wave functions or density matrices. While the transfer matrix formalism is a type of Heisenberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 C. Wetterich
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