Related papers: Electric charge quantization in SU(3)XSU(4)XU(1) m…
Basing on the general photon eigenstate and the anomaly cancelation, we have naturally explained the electric charge quantization in two models based on the SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X gauge group, namely in the minimal model and in the…
In the context of the standard model the quantization of the electric charge occurs only family by family. When we consider the three families together with massless neutrinos the electric charge is not quantized any more. Here we show that…
Basing on the general photon eigenstate and anomaly cancellation, it is shown that the electric charge quantization in SU(3)_c X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X model with exotic particles can be obtained independently on parameters alpha and betta. The…
The extensions of the Standard Model based on the $SU(3)_{C} \otimes SU(3)_{L} \otimes U(1)_{X}$ gauge group are known as 331 Models. Different properties such as the fermion assignment and the electric charges of the exotic spectrum, that…
Experimentally it has been known for a long time that the electric charges of the observed particles appear to be quantized. An approach to understanding electric charge quantization that can be used for gauge theories with explicit $U(1)$…
I study the scalar representations of the electroweak group of the Standard Model, with a special emphasis on their chiral properties and on their behaviour by the discrete symmetries P and CP. A gauge theory for J=0 mesons naturally…
We carry a systematic study of possible extensions of the standard model based on the gauge group SU(3)_c X SU(4)_L X U(1)_X. We consider both models with particles with exotic electric charges and models which do not contain exotic…
After proving, in a previous paper, that the electric charge quantization occurs as a natural consequence in renormalizable $SU(3)_c \otimes SU(n)_{L} \otimes U(1)_{Y}$ gauge models, we take here a step further within the same paradigm in…
I study the scalar representations of the electroweak group of the Standard Model, which is a subgroup of the chiral group U(N)L x U(N)R with N flavours, for N even, with a special emphasis on their chiral properties and on their behaviour…
In the framework of Standard Model for the arbitrary values of Higgs and fermions fields hypercharges, taking into account parity invariance of electromagnetic interaction, expressions for the fermions charges, testifying the electric…
In this brief report, apart from the usual approach, we discriminate among models in the class of \textbf{$SU(4)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{Y}$} electro-weak gauge models by just setting the versors in the method of the exactly solving gauge models…
The quantization of the electrical charge in the electrodynamics and of the hypercharge in the standard model are imposed in the theory based not on theoretical arguments but on the experimental observations. In this paper we propose a…
In a minimal extension of the Standard Model, in which new neutral fermions have been introduced, we show that the requirement of vanishing anomalies fixes the hypercharges of all fermions uniquely. This naturally leads to electric charge…
We first review the three known chiral anomalies in four dimensions and then use the anomaly free conditions to study the uniqueness of quark and lepton representations and charge quantizations in the standard model. We also extend our…
In gauge theories like the standard model, the electric charges of the fermions can be heavily constrained from the classical structure of the theory and from the cancellation of anomalies. We argue that the anomaly conditions are not quite…
Inspired by a recently proposed GUT model based on the trinification ($\mathrm{SU}(3)^3$) gauge group with a global family ($\mathrm{SU}(3)_F$) symmetry, we consider an effective low-energy three Higgs doublet model that may shed light on…
We review in a systematic way how anomaly free $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_x$ models without exotic electric charges can be constructed, using as basis closed sets of fermions which includes each one the particles and antiparticles…
Since the electric charge in the standard model is theoretically not quantized, we may have a variant of it, called dark charge. Similar to the electric charge, the dark charge neither commutes nor closes algebraically with $SU(2)_L$. The…
In the context of the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X$, we look for possible four family models, where all the particles carry ordinary electric charges. Thirteen different anomaly-free fermion structures emerge, out…
We study a novel type of extensions of the Standard Model which include a hard mass term for the U(1) gauge field and, optionally, the additional scalar multiplets spontaneously violating the electric charge conservation. Contrary to the…