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We study multi-bit watermarking for data generated by stochastic processes, where a hidden message is embedded during sampling and must be decodable by an authorized detector that possesses side information unavailable to unauthorized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Zhuoer Shen , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

In order to protect the intellectual property (IP) of deep neural networks (DNNs), many existing DNN watermarking techniques either embed watermarks directly into the DNN parameters or insert backdoor watermarks by fine-tuning the DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Xiangyu Zhao , Yinzhe Yao , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

Linking network flows is an important problem in intrusion detection as well as anonymity. Passive traffic analysis can link flows but requires long periods of observation to reduce errors. Active traffic analysis, also known as flow…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Amir Houmansadr , Negar Kiyavash , Nikita Borisov

Watermark has been widely deployed by industry to detect AI-generated images. The robustness of such watermark-based detector against evasion attacks in the white-box and black-box settings is well understood in the literature. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

We present a novel technique for modulating the appearance frequency of a few tokens within a dataset for encoding an invisible watermark that can be used to protect ownership rights upon data. We develop optimal as well as fast heuristic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Devriş İşler , Elisa Cabana , Alvaro Garcia-Recuero , Georgia Koutrika , Nikolaos Laoutaris

Obtaining the state of the art performance of deep learning models imposes a high cost to model generators, due to the tedious data preparation and the substantial processing requirements. To protect the model from unauthorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Masoumeh Shafieinejad , Jiaqi Wang , Nils Lukas , Xinda Li , Florian Kerschbaum

Deep learning has been achieving top performance in many tasks. Since training of a deep learning model requires a great deal of cost, we need to treat neural network models as valuable intellectual properties. One concern in such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Ryota Namba , Jun Sakuma

Robust invisible watermarking schemes aim to embed hidden information into images such that the watermark survives common manipulations. However, powerful diffusion-based image generation and editing techniques now pose a new threat to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Fan Guo , Jiyu Kang , Qi Ming , Emily Davis , Finn Carter

Digital watermarking is extensively used in ownership authentication and copyright protection. In this paper, we propose an efficient thresholding scheme to improve the watermark embedding procedure in an image. For the proposed algorithm,…

Rapid advancements in video diffusion models have enabled the creation of realistic videos, raising concerns about unauthorized use and driving the demand for techniques to protect model ownership. Existing watermarking methods, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 MinHyuk Jang , Youngdong Jang , JaeHyeok Lee , Feng Yang , Gyeongrok Oh , Jongheon Jeong , Sangpil Kim

Recent advances in generative AI have enabled the creation of highly realistic digital content, raising concerns around authenticity, ownership, and misuse. While watermarking has become an increasingly important mechanism to trace and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

Hardware acceleration in modern networks creates monitoring blind spots by offloading flows to a non-observable state, hindering real-time service degradation (SD) detection. To address this, we propose and formalize a novel inter-flow…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Balint Bicski , Adrian Pekar

Deep learning based blind watermarking works have gradually emerged and achieved impressive performance. However, previous deep watermarking studies mainly focus on fixed low-resolution images while paying less attention to arbitrary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hengchang Guo , Qilong Zhang , Junwei Luo , Feng Guo , Wenbin Zhang , Xiaodong Su , Minglei Li

In this work, we address the liability issues that may arise due to unauthorized sharing of personal data. We consider a scenario in which an individual shares his sequential data (such as genomic data or location patterns) with several…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-21 Arif Yilmaz , Erman Ayday

Multiple watermarking technique, embedding several watermarks in one carrier, has enabled many interesting applications. In this study, a novel multiple watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the spirit of spread transform dither…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-01-19 Xinchao Li , Ju Liu , Jiande Sun , Xiaohui Yang , Wei Liu

Safeguarding the intellectual property of machine learning models has emerged as a pressing concern in AI security. Model watermarking is a powerful technique for protecting ownership of machine learning models, yet its reliability has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Aoting Hu , Yanzhi Chen , Renjie Xie , Adrian Weller

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) enable a wide range of applications but raise ethical concerns regarding illegal utilization. Adding watermarks to generative model outputs is a vital technique employed for copyright tracking and mitigating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu

Watermarking plays a key role in the provenance and detection of AI-generated content. While existing methods prioritize robustness against real-world distortions (e.g., JPEG compression and noise addition), we reveal a fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhongjie Ba , Yitao Zhang , Peng Cheng , Bin Gong , Xinyu Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Kui Ren

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas