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Pearl opened the door to formally defining actual causation using causal models. His approach rests on two strategies: first, capturing the widespread intuition that X=x causes Y=y iff X=x is a Necessary Element of a Sufficient Set for Y=y,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Sander Beckers

This paper discusses the fundamental principles of causal inference - the area of statistics that estimates the effect of specific occurrences, treatments, interventions, and exposures on a given outcome from experimental and observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-03 Francesca Dominici , Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Fabrizia Mealli

Methods to identify cause-effect relationships currently mostly assume the variables to be scalar random variables. However, in many fields the objects of interest are vectors or groups of scalar variables. We present a new constraint-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-02 Jonas Wahl , Urmi Ninad , Jakob Runge

Emergence and causality are two fundamental concepts for understanding complex systems. They are interconnected. On one hand, emergence refers to the phenomenon where macroscopic properties cannot be solely attributed to the cause of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-02-27 Bing Yuan , Zhang Jiang , Aobo Lyu , Jiayun Wu , Zhipeng Wang , Mingzhe Yang , Kaiwei Liu , Muyun Mou , Peng Cui

Graphical causal models led to the development of complete non-parametric identification theory in arbitrary structured systems, and general approaches to efficient inference. Nevertheless, graphical approaches to causal inference have not…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-02 AmirEmad Ghassami , Ilya Shpitser

Pearl observes that causal knowledge enables predicting the effects of interventions, such as actions, whereas descriptive knowledge only permits drawing conclusions from observation. This paper extends Pearl's approach to causality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Kilian Rückschloß , Felix Weitkämper

At the heart of causal structure learning from observational data lies a deceivingly simple question: given two statistically dependent random variables, which one has a causal effect on the other? This is impossible to answer using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Nikolaos Nikolaou , Konstantinos Sechidis

This paper introduces a new framework for recovering causal graphs from observational data, leveraging the observation that the distribution of an effect, conditioned on its causes, remains invariant to changes in the prior distribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nang Hung Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen , Thao Nguyen Truong , Trong Nghia Hoang , Masashi Sugiyama

Choices based on observational data depend on beliefs about which correlations reflect causality. An agent predicts the consequence of available actions using a dataset and her subjective beliefs about causality represented by a directed…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-03-21 Andrew Ellis , Heidi Christina Thysen

Classical causal and statistical inference methods typically assume the observed data consists of independent realizations. However, in many applications this assumption is inappropriate due to a network of dependences between units in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Rohit Bhattacharya , Daniel Malinsky , Ilya Shpitser

Causality is pivotal to our understanding of the world, presenting itself in different forms: information-theoretic and relativistic, the former linked to the flow of information, the latter to the structure of space-time. Leveraging a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-13 Maarten Grothus , V. Vilasini

We study the identification of causal effects, motivated by two improvements to identifiability which can be attained if one knows that some variables in a causal graph are functionally determined by their parents (without needing to know…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Yizuo Chen , Adnan Darwiche

Assessing the magnitude of cause-and-effect relations is one of the central challenges found throughout the empirical sciences. The problem of identification of causal effects is concerned with determining whether a causal effect can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Amin Jaber , Jiji Zhang , Elias Bareinboim

We provide a conceptual map to navigate causal analysis problems. Focusing on the case of discrete random variables, we consider the case of causal effect estimation from observational data. The presented approaches apply also to continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Finnian Lattimore , Cheng Soon Ong

Recent approaches to empathetic response generation incorporate emotion causalities to enhance comprehension of both the user's feelings and experiences. However, these approaches suffer from two critical issues. First, they only consider…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Jiashuo Wang , Yi Cheng , Wenjie Li

Causality defines the relationship between cause and effect. In multivariate time series field, this notion allows to characterize the links between several time series considering temporal lags. These phenomena are particularly important…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-01 Antonin Arsac , Aurore Lomet , Jean-Philippe Poli

We give a category-theoretic treatment of causal models that formalizes the syntax for causal reasoning over a directed acyclic graph (DAG) by associating a free Markov category with the DAG in a canonical way. This framework enables us to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Yimu Yin , Jiji Zhang

As autonomous systems rapidly become ubiquitous, there is a growing need for a legal and regulatory framework to address when and how such a system harms someone. There have been several attempts within the philosophy literature to define…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Sander Beckers , Hana Chockler , Joseph Y. Halpern

Causality is omnipresent in scientists' verbalisations of their understanding, even though we have no formal consensual scientific definition for it. In Automata Networks, it suffices to say that automata "influence" one another to…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-10-28 Mathilde Noual

In a recent paper published in the Journal of Causal Inference, Philip Dawid has described a graphical causal model based on decision diagrams. This article describes how single-world intervention graphs (SWIGs) relate to these diagrams. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-11 Thomas S. Richardson , James M. Robins