Related papers: The 2013 Release of Cloudy
We describe the 2017 release of the spectral synthesis code Cloudy. A major development since the previous release has been exporting the atomic data into external data files. This greatly simplifies updates and maintenance of the data.…
The gas that is present in the interstellar medium is usually very far removed from (local) thermodynamic equilibrium, and in some cases may also not be in a steady-state equilibrium with its surroundings. The physics of this material is…
We present the 2025 release of the spectral synthesis code Cloudy, highlighting significant enhancements to the scope and accuracy of the physics which have been made since the previous release. A major part of this development involves…
We describe a new atomic and molecular database we developed for use in the spectral synthesis code Cloudy. The design of Stout is driven by the data needs of Cloudy, which simulates molecular, atomic, and ionized gas with kinetic…
We developed a new quick pseudo-3D photoionization code based on Cloudy (G. Ferland) and IDL (RSI) tools. The code is running the 1D photoionization code Cloudy various times, changing at each run the input parameters (e.g. inner radius,…
With the launch of the XRISM microcalorimeter mission, space-based X-ray observations will achieve a record spectral resolving power of $R\equiv E/\Delta E\sim$1200. With this resolving power, emission features associated with…
We discuss new functionality of the spectral simulation code CLOUDY which allows the user to calculate grids with one or more initial parameters varied and formats the predicted spectra in the standard FITS format. These files can then be…
X-ray missions with microcalorimeter technology will resolve spectral features with unprecedented detail. In this work, we improve the H-like K$\alpha$ energies for elements between 6 $\leq Z \leq$ 30 for the release version of the spectral…
The upcoming X-ray missions based on the microcalorimeter technology require exquisite precision in spectral simulation codes in order to match the unprecedented spectral resolution. In this work, we improve the fluorescence K$\alpha$…
We present a simple, yet powerful column density diagnostic for plasmas enabled by X-ray microcalorimeter observations. With the recent developments of the spectral simulation code Cloudy, inspired by the high spectral resolution of the…
A complete model of helium-like line and continuum emission has been incorporated into the plasma simulation code Cloudy. All elements between He and Zn are treated, any number of levels can be considered, and radiative and collisional…
We use the spectral synthesis code Cloudy to tabulate the properties of gas for an extensive range in redshift (z=0 to 9), temperature (log T [K] = 1 to 9.5), metallicity (log Z/$\mathrm{Z}_{\odot}$ = -4 to +0.5, Z=0), and density (log…
We describe the 2023 release of the spectral synthesis code Cloudy. Since the previous major release, migrations of our online services motivated us to adopt git as our version control system. This change alone led us to adopt an annual…
We have generated strongly photoionized Ar plasmas in experiments designed to use primarily X-ray L-shell line emission generated from Ag foils irradiated by the VULCAN high-power laser at the UK Central Laser Facility. The principle of the…
We describe laboratory experiments to generate X-ray photoionized plasmas of relevance to accretion-powered X-ray sources such as neutron star binaries and quasars, with significant improvements over previous work. A key quantity is…
Ever since the pioneering study of Spitzer, it has been widely recognized that grains play an important role in the heating and cooling of photo-ionized environments. This includes the diffuse ISM, as well as H II regions, planetary…
We discuss recent improvements in the calculation of the radiative cooling in both collisionally and photo ionized plasmas. We are extending the spectral simulation code Cloudy so that as much as possible of the underlying atomic data is…
In this paper I review the motivation and current status of modeling of plasmas exposed to strong radiation fields, as it applies to the study of cosmic X-ray sources. This includes some of the astrophysical issues which can be addressed,…
We announce the C23.01 update of Cloudy. This corrects a simple coding error, present since $\sim$ 1990, in one routine that required a conversion from the line-center to the mean normalization of the Ly$\alpha$ optical depth. This affects…
We present a code for modelling the ionization conditions of optically thin astrophysical gas structures. Given the gas hydrogen density, equilibrium temperature, elemental abundances, and the ionizing spectrum, the code solves the…