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Einstein's article on the EPR paradox is the most cited of his works, but not many know that it was not fully representative of the way he thought about the incompleteness of the quantum formalism. Indeed, his main worry was not…

We present an analysis of quantum mechanics and its problems and paradoxes taking into account the results that have been obtained during the last two decades by investigations in the field of `quantum structures research'. We concentrate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Diederik Aerts

In this paper, we demonstrate the equivalence between the complex Hilbert space and real Kahler space formulations of quantum mechanics. Complex numbers play an important role in the traditional formulation of quantum mechanics in complex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-24 Igor Volovich

Research in the application of quantum structures to cognitive science confirms that these structures quite systematically appear in the dynamics of concepts and their combinations and quantum-based models faithfully represent experimental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-12-31 Diederik Aerts , Sandro Sozzo

We present a heuristic derivation of Born's rule and unitary transforms in Quantum Mechanics, from a simple set of axioms built upon a physical phenomenology of quantization. This approach naturally leads to the usual quantum formalism,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-04 Alexia Auffeves , Philippe Grangier

The mathematical formalism of quantum theory exhibits significant effectiveness when applied to cognitive phenomena that have resisted traditional (set theoretical) modeling. Relying on a decade of research on the operational foundations of…

The concept of quantum superposition is reconsidered and discussed from the viewpoint of Bohmian mechanics, the hydrodynamic formulation of quantum mechanics, in order to elucidate some physical consequences that go beyond the simple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-13 A. S. Sanz

Existing work on quantum causal structure assumes that one can perform arbitrary operations on the systems of interest. But this condition is often not met. Here, we extend the framework for quantum causal modelling to situations where a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Nick Ormrod , Augustin Vanrietvelde , Jonathan Barrett

The formalism of quantum theory in Hilbert space has been applied with success to the modeling and explanation of several cognitive phenomena, whereas traditional cognitive approaches were problematical. However, this 'quantum cognition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Diederik Aerts , Lyneth Beltran , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi , Sandro Sozzo , Tomas Veloz

The Hilbert space effect algebra is a fundamental mathematical structure which is used to describe unsharp quantum measurements in Ludwig's formulation of quantum mechanics. Each effect represents a quantum (fuzzy) event. The relation of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-10-28 Gyorgy Pal Geher , Peter Semrl

Standard quantum mechanics employs complex Hilbert spaces, but whether complex numbers are fundamental or merely convenient has long been debated. For decades, real-valued equivalents were considered mathematically possible but cumbersome.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Alan C. Maioli , Evaldo M. F. Curado , Jean-Pierre Gazeau

The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Andrei Khrennikov

Quantum mechanics describes seemingly paradoxical relations between the outcomes of measurements that cannot be performed jointly. In Hilbert space, the outcomes of such incompatible measurements are represented by non-orthogonal states. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Ming Ji , Holger F. Hofmann

The Machina thought experiments pose to major non-expected utility models challenges that are similar to those posed by the Ellsberg thought experiments to subjective expected utility theory (SEUT). We test human choices in the `Ellsberg…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2018-08-09 Diederik Aerts , Suzette Geriente , Catarina Moreira , Sandro Sozzo

Analysis of the logical foundations of quantum mechanics indicates the possibility of constructing a theory using quaternionic Hilbert spaces. Whether this mathematical structure reflects reality is a matter for experiment to decide. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 S. P. Brumby , G. C. Joshi

In categorical quantum mechanics, classical structures characterize the classical interfaces of quantum resources on one hand, while on the other hand giving rise to some quantum phenomena. In the standard Hilbert space model of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-17 Dusko Pavlovic

We present a general formalism with the aim of describing the situation of an entity, how it is, how it reacts to experiments, how we can make statistics with it, and how it changes under the influence of the rest of the universe. Therefore…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Diederik Aerts

In quantum theory, a measurement context is defined by an orthogonal basis in a Hilbert space, where each basis vector represents a specific measurement outcome. The precise quantitative relation between two different measurement contexts…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Ming Ji , Holger F. Hofmann

One of the most complex systems is the human brain whose formalized functioning is characterized by decision theory. We present a "Quantum Decision Theory" of decision making, based on the mathematical theory of separable Hilbert spaces.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-10-29 V. I. Yukalov , D. Sornette

Quantum theory is extremely successful in explaining most physical phenomena, and is not contradicted by any experiment. Yet, the theory has many puzzling features : the occurrence of probabilities, the unclear distinction between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-07 T. P. Singh