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We present a semantics for adding uncertainty to conditional logics for default reasoning and belief revision. We are able to treat conditional sentences as statements of conditional probability, and express rules for revision such as "If A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Craig Boutilier

Prior beliefs are central to Bayesian accounts of cognition, but many of these accounts do not directly measure priors. More specifically, initial states of belief heavily influence how new information is assumed to be utilized when…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-11 Peter A. V. DiBerardino , Alexandre L. S. Filipowicz , James Danckert , Britt Anderson

In previous work ("Knowledge from Probability", TARK 2021) we develop a question-relative, probabilistic account of belief. On this account, what someone believes relative to a given question is (i) closed under entailment, (ii)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Jeremy Goodman , Bernhard Salow

We present an algorithmic solution to the problem of incremental belief updating in the context of Monte Carlo inference in Bayesian statistical models represented by probabilistic programs. Given a model and a sample-approximated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-13 David Tolpin

We discuss conditionalisation for Accept-Desirability models in an abstract decision-making framework, where uncertain rewards live in a general linear space, and events are special projection operators on that linear space. This abstract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Kathelijne Coussement , Gert de Cooman , Keano De Vos

There is a long history in game theory on the topic of Bayesian or "rational" learning, in which each player maintains beliefs over a set of alternative behaviours, or types, for the other players. This idea has gained increasing interest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-03 Stefano V. Albrecht , Jacob W. Crandall , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

We build simple computational models of belief dynamics within the framework of discrete-spin statistical physics models, and explore how suitable they are for understanding and predicting real-world belief change on both the individual and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-07-10 Mirta Galesic , Daniel L. Stein

The (extended) AGM postulates for belief revision seem to deal with the revision of a given theory K by an arbitrary formula, but not to constrain the revisions of two different theories by the same formula. A new postulate is proposed and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Michael Freund , Daniel Lehmann

The human mind is capable of extraordinary achievements, yet it often appears to work against itself. It actively defends its cherished beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence, conveniently interprets information to conform to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 David Hyland , Mahault Albarracin

Machine learning is increasingly being used to generate prediction models for use in a number of real-world settings, from credit risk assessment to clinical decision support. Recent discussions have highlighted potential problems in the…

A fundamental question in causal inference is whether it is possible to reliably infer manipulation effects from observational data. There are a variety of senses of asymptotic reliability in the statistical literature, among which the most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-12-12 Jiji Zhang , Peter L. Spirtes

We are interested in belief revision involving conditional statements where the antecedent is almost certainly false. To represent such problems, we use Ordinal Conditional Functions that may take infinite values. We model belief change in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-01 Aaron Hunter

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) are a general mathematical model for sequential decision-making in stochastic environments under state uncertainty. POMDPs are often solved \textit{online}, which enables the algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yunuo Zhang , Baiting Luo , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Abhishek Dubey

An intelligent agent will often be uncertain about various properties of its environment, and when acting in that environment it will frequently need to quantify its uncertainty. For example, if the agent wishes to employ the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Fahiem Bacchus , Adam Grove , Joseph Y. Halpern , Daphne Koller

Belief revision is an operation that aims at modifying old beliefs so that they become consistent with new ones. The issue of belief revision has been studied in various formalisms, in particular, in qualitative algebras (QAs) in which the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-06 Valmi Dufour-Lussier , Alice Hermann , Florence Le Ber , Jean Lieber

Traditional belief revision frameworks often rely on the principle of minimalism, which advocates minimal changes to existing beliefs. However, research in human cognition suggests that people are inherently driven to seek explanations for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Stylianos Loukas Vasileiou , William Yeoh

The concepts of probability, statistics and stochastic theory are being successfully used in structural engineering. Markov Chain modelling is a simple stochastic process model that has found its application in both describing stochastic…

Applications · Statistics 2007-08-14 K. Balaji Rao

Within the formal setting of the Lockean thesis, an agent belief set is defined in terms of degrees of confidence and these are described in probabilistic terms. This approach is of established interest, notwithstanding some limitations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tommaso Flaminio , Lluis Godo , Ramón Pino Pérez , Lluis Subirana

As AI systems advance beyond human capabilities, scalable oversight becomes critical: how can we supervise AI that exceeds our abilities? A key challenge is that human evaluators may form incorrect beliefs about AI behavior in complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Leon Lang , Patrick Forré

Markov switching models are a popular family of models that introduces time-variation in the parameters in the form of their state- or regime-specific values. Importantly, this time-variation is governed by a discrete-valued latent…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-11-13 Yong Song , Tomasz Woźniak