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One of the most elusive challenges within the area of topological data analysis is understanding the distribution of persistence diagrams. Despite much effort, this is still largely an open problem. In this paper, we present a series of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Omer Bobrowski , Primoz Skraba

In this paper, we analyze the set of all possible aggregate distributions of the sum of standard uniform random variables, a simply stated yet challenging problem in the literature of distributions with given margins. Our main results are…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Tiantian Mao , Bin Wang , Ruodu Wang

Abstract Contextuality is a property of systems of random variables. The identity of a random variable in a system is determined by its joint distribution with all other random variables in the same context. When context changes, a variable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-23 Ehtibar Dzhafarov

Bayesian probability theory is used to analyze the oft-made assumption that humans are typical observers in the universe. Some theoretical calculations make the {\it selection fallacy} that we are randomly chosen from a class of objects by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 James B. Hartle , Mark Srednicki

Categorical random variables are a common staple in machine learning methods and other applications across disciplines. Many times, correlation within categorical predictors exists, and has been noted to have an effect on various algorithm…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-01-25 Rachel Traylor

The algorithmic theory of randomness is well developed when the underlying space is the set of finite or infinite sequences and the underlying probability distribution is the uniform distribution or a computable distribution. These…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Peter Gacs

The field of property testing of probability distributions, or distribution testing, aims to provide fast and (most likely) correct answers to questions pertaining to specific aspects of very large datasets. In this work, we consider a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-27 Clément L. Canonne

The aim of this paper is to establish a theory of random variables on domains. Domain theory is a fundamental component of theoretical computer science, providing mathematical models of computational processes. Random variables are the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-30 Michael W. Mislove

Graphs are used in many disciplines to model the relationships that exist between objects in a complex discrete system. Researchers may wish to compare a network of interest to a "typical" graph from a family (or ensemble) of graphs which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Catherine Greenhill

We study a well-known problem concerning a random variable $Z$ uniformly distributed between two independent random variables. A new extension has been introduced for this problem and fairly large classes of randomly weighted average…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-08-27 Hazhir Homei

In this paper, we present three remarkable properties of the normal distribution: first that if two independent variables's sum is normally distributed, then each random variable follows a normal distribution (which is referred to as the…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-07-14 Eric Benhamou , Beatrice Guez , Nicolas Paris

In this note we discuss uniform integrability of random variables. In a probability space, we introduce two new notions on uniform integrability of random variables, and prove that they are equivalent to the classic one. In a sublinear…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-10-24 Ze-Chun Hu , Qian-Qian Zhou

Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent variance-gamma random variables with zero location parameter; then the exact probability density function of the ratio $X/Y$ is derived. Some basic distributional properties are also derived, including…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-02-27 Robert E. Gaunt , Siqi Li

In this paper we determine the distributional behavior of sums of free (in the sense of Voiculescu) identically distributed, infinitesimal random variables. The theory is shown to parallel the classical theory of independent random…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2009-09-25 Hari Bercovici , Vittorino Pata , Philippe Biane

Consider $n$ independent random numbers with a uniform distribution on $[0,1]$. The number of them that exceed their mean is shown to have an Eulerian distribution, i.e., it is described by the Eulerian numbers. This is related to, but…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-06 Svante Janson , Warren D. Smith

If the prior probability distributions of all possible hypothetical true means and all possible observed means of a continuous variable are conditional on the universal set of all numbers (i.e., before the nature of a study is known and a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-05 Huw Llewelyn

We propose a new setting for testing properties of distributions while receiving samples from several distributions, but few samples per distribution. Given samples from $s$ distributions, $p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_s$, we design testers for the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Maryam Aliakbarpour , Sandeep Silwal

Contextual situations are those in which seemingly "the same" random variable changes its identity depending on the conditions under which it is recorded. Such a change of identity is observed whenever the assumption that the variable is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Distinguishing between uniform and non-uniform sample distributions is a common problem in directional data analysis; however for many tests, non-uniform distributions exist that fail uniformity rejection. By merging directional statistics…

Applications · Statistics 2011-08-11 Martin Ehler , Jennifer Galanis

The sum of independent, but not necessary identically distributed, exponential random variables follows hypoexponential distribution. We focus on a particular case when all, but one rate parameters of the exponential variables are…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-04 George Yanev