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The graphoid axioms for conditional independence, originally described by Dawid [1979], are fundamental to probabilistic reasoning [Pearl, 19881. Such axioms provide a mechanism for manipulating conditional independence assertions without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Ross D. Shachter

Acyclic directed mixed graphs, also known as semi-Markov models represent the conditional independence structure induced on an observed margin by a DAG model with latent variables. In this paper we present a factorization criterion for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-06-27 Thomas S. Richardson

In this review-type paper written at the occasion of the Oberwolfach workshop {\em One-sided vs. Two-sided stochastic processes} (february 22-29, 2020), we discuss and compare Markov properties and generalisations thereof in more…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-12-01 Aernout van Enter , Arnaud Le Ny , Frédéric Paccaut

Inferring the causal structure that links n observables is usually based upon detecting statistical dependences and choosing simple graphs that make the joint measure Markovian. Here we argue why causal inference is also possible when only…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-04-24 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

Graphical models express conditional independence relationships among variables. Although methods for vector-valued data are well established, functional data graphical models remain underdeveloped. We introduce a notion of conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-01-06 Hongxiao Zhu , Nate Strawn , David B. Dunson

Conditional independence, and more generally conditional mutual independence, are central notions in probability theory. In their general forms, they include functional dependence as a special case. In this paper, we tackle two fundamental…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Laigang Guo , Raymond W. Yeung , Tao Guo

We show that, for generative classifiers, conditional independence corresponds to linear constraints for the induced discrimination functions. Discrimination functions of undirected Markov network classifiers can thus be characterized by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-13 Gherardo Varando , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Eva Riccomagno

Two known results on the relationship between conditional and unconditional independence are obtained as a consequence of the main result of this paper, a theorem that uses independence of Markov kernels to obtain a minimal condition which…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-28 A. G. Nogales , P. Pérez

We study conditional independence relationships for random networks and their interplay with exchangeability. We show that, for finitely exchangeable network models, the empirical subgraph densities are maximum likelihood estimates of their…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-22 Steffen Lauritzen , Alessandro Rinaldo , Kayvan Sadeghi

Probability theory can be studied synthetically as the computational effect embodied by a commutative monad. In the recently proposed Markov categories, one works with an abstraction of the Kleisli category and then defines deterministic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Sean Moss , Paolo Perrone

We discuss properties of distributions that are multivariate totally positive of order two (MTP2) related to conditional independence. In particular, we show that any independence model generated by an MTP2 distribution is a compositional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-03 Shaun Fallat , Steffen Lauritzen , Kayvan Sadeghi , Caroline Uhler , Nanny Wermuth , Piotr Zwiernik

Markov kernels play a decisive role in probability and mathematical statistics theories, and are an extension of the concepts of sigma-field and statistic. Concepts such as independence, sufficiency, completeness, ancillarity or conditional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Agustín G. Nogales

A statistical language model assigns probability to strings of arbitrary length. Unfortunately, it is not possible to gather reliable statistics on strings of arbitrary length from a finite corpus. Therefore, a statistical language model…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Eric Sven Ristad , Robert G. Thomas

Conditional independence and graphical models are well studied for probability distributions on product spaces. We propose a new notion of conditional independence for any measure $\Lambda$ on the punctured Euclidean space $\mathbb…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-09-12 Sebastian Engelke , Jevgenijs Ivanovs , Kirstin Strokorb

We show that the stochastic independence of real-valued random variables is equivalent to the conditional uncorrelation, where the conditioning takes place over the Cartesian products of intervals. Next, we express the mutual independence…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Dawid Tarłowski

The causal Markov condition (CMC) is a postulate that links observations to causality. It describes the conditional independences among the observations that are entailed by a causal hypothesis in terms of a directed acyclic graph. In the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-02-23 Bastian Steudel , Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

The theory of dependency graphs is a powerful toolbox to prove asymptotic normality of sums of random variables. In this article, we introduce a more general notion of weighted dependency graphs and give normality criteria in this context.…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-10-18 Valentin Féray

We prove that a random distribution in two dimensions which is conformally invariant and satisfies a natural domain Markov property is a multiple of the Gaussian free field. This result holds subject only to a fourth moment assumption.

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-24 Nathanael Berestycki , Ellen Powell , Gourab Ray

This paper is concerned with test of the conditional independence. We first establish an equivalence between the conditional independence and the mutual independence. Based on the equivalence, we propose an index to measure the conditional…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-18 Zhanrui Cai , Runze Li , Yaowu Zhang

Markov processes are used in a wide range of disciplines, including finance. The transition densities of these processes are often unknown. However, the conditional characteristic functions are more likely to be available, especially for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-02-04 Song X. Chen , Liang Peng , Cindy L. Yu